Chris Jafta
{{Short description|South African judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chris Jafta
| honorific-suffix =
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| office = Justice of the Constitutional Court
| term_start = 12 October 2009
| term_end = 11 October 2021
| nominator =
| appointer = Jacob Zuma
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Judge of the High Court
| term_end2 = October 2009
| nominator2 =
| appointer2 = Thabo Mbeki
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
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| birth_date = 1959
| birth_place = Matatiele, Cape Province
| death_date =
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| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname = Christopher Nyaole Jafta
| citizenship =
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| alma_mater = University of Transkei
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| footnotes =
| termstart1 = November 2004
| termend1 = 11 October 2009
| office1 = Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeal
| appointer1 = Thabo Mbeki
| termstart2 = November 1999
| termend2 = November 2004
| 1blankname2 = Division
| 1namedata2 = Transkei
}}
Christopher Nyaole Jafta (born 1959) is a retired South African judge who served in the Constitutional Court of South Africa from October 2009 to October 2021. Formerly an academic and practising advocate in the Transkei, he joined the bench in November 1999 as a judge of the Transkei Division. Thereafter he served in the Supreme Court of Appeal from November 2004 to October 2009.
Jafta was born in the present-day Matatiele, Eastern Cape, and began his legal career as a civil servant in the Transkei bantustan from 1983 to 1988, including as a magistrate from 1986 to 1988. Between 1988 and 1992, he taught commercial law and constitutional law at the University of Transkei, his alma mater, and thereafter he practised as an advocate in Mthatha until he joined the High Court bench in 1999. He rose rapidly through the judicial ranks and was elevated to the Constitutional Court in 2009 on the appointment of President Jacob Zuma. During his 12-year term in the apex court, he was regarded as a member of the court's politically conservative minority.
Early life and education
Jafta was born in 1959 in Matatiele in the former Cape Province, now on the border between the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.{{cite web |title=Justice Chris Jafta |url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/current-judges/13-current-judges/74-justice-chris-jafta |accessdate=25 December 2021 |website=Constitutional Court |publisher=}} His father was a builder and his mother a housewife.{{Cite web |date=2 December 2011 |title=Constitutional Court Oral History Project: Chris Jafta |url=http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdfo/AG3368/AG3368-J34-001-jpeg.pdf}} He attended school in Matatiele and went on to the University of Transkei, where he completed an BJuris in 1983 and an LLB in 1987.
Legal career
In 1983, while studying part-time for his LLB, he began his legal career as a court interpreter in the former bantustan of the Transkei. He was promoted to District Court prosecutor in Cala in early 1984,{{Cite book |last=Madlanga |first=Mbuyiseli |url=https://www.judiciary.org.za/images/Judiciarynewsletter/The_Judiciary_Special_Edition_2021.pdf |title=The Judiciary: Farewell Special Feature |date=2021 |pages=25–29 |chapter=Tribute to Justice Christopher Jafta |author-link=Mbuyiseli Madlanga}} but he was demoted in December 1985 for failing to cooperate with the security police and served briefly as an administrative clerk. However, in July 1986, he was appointed as a magistrate.
In February 1988, he resigned from the civil service to serve his articles of clerkship at Mbuqe and Mbuqe, a firm of attorneys. Less than six months later, in July 1988, he accepted appointment as a lecturer at his alma mater, the University of Transkei, where he taught commercial law and constitutional law. His colleagues at the university included Mbuyiseli Madlanga, who had also been his classmate as an undergraduate, and John Hlophe.{{Cite news |date=30 July 2009 |title=Hlophe, Jafta shake hands |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/hlophe-jafta-shake-hands-453383 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=IOL}}
In 1992, he moved briefly to Johannesburg, where he completed his pupillage at the Johannesburg Bar. He returned to the Cape to enter legal practice as an advocate in Mthatha in January 1993, focusing primarily on labour law and constitutional law matters. He served as an acting judge in the High Court of South Africa for four months in 1997 and for ten months in 1999.
Transkei High Court: 1999–2004
In November 1999, Jafta was appointed to the bench permanently as a judge of the High Court's Transkei Division at Mthatha (now part of the Eastern Cape Division). Among his notable judgments in the High Court was Mjeni v Minister of Health and Welfare, Eastern Cape, a constitutional law matter; it was quoted with approval by the Constitutional Court of South Africa on more than one occasion.
During his brief tenure in the High Court, he was acting Judge President of the Transkei Division from June 2001 to June 2003, an acting judge of appeal in the Labour Appeal Court between 2003 and 2004, and an acting judge of appeal in the Supreme Court of Appeal from June to October 2004.
Supreme Court of Appeal: 2004–2009
On 3 November 2004, President Thabo Mbeki announced that he would elevate Jafta to the Supreme Court of Appeal permanently.{{Cite news |date=4 November 2004 |title=Mbeki names new judges |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/mbeki-names-new-judges-226072 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=IOL}} He took office the same month, alongside Dunstan Mlambo and Nathan Ponnan. In 2007, he was the lone dissenting judge in HTF Developers v Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, and, on appeal, his dissent was upheld unanimously by the Constitutional Court in MEC for Agriculture, Conservation and Environment v HTF Developers. Jafta himself served a stint as an acting justice of the Constitutional Court between December 2007 and May 2008, and by that time he was regarded as a "rising star" in the judiciary.{{Cite web |date=2008-09-06 |title=Judges in the dock |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-09-07-judges-in-the-dock/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}
Constitutional Court: 2009–2021
In October 2008, Jafta was one of seven judges whom the Judicial Service Commission was scheduled to interview for possible appointment to the seat of retired Justice Tholie Madala,{{Cite web |date=2008-10-06 |title=Judgement time for Concourt hopefuls |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-10-06-judgement-time-for-concourt-hopefuls/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}} but he withdrew from contention shortly before the interviews, reportedly because of the ongoing Hlophe controversy {{See below|below}}.{{Cite web |date=2008-10-12 |title=Two judges off Constitutional Court shortlist |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-10-12-two-judges-off-constitutional-court-shortlist/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}} By September 2009, there were four vacancies on the court – arising from the retirement of Chief Justice Pius Langa and Justices Yvonne Mokgoro, Kate O'Regan, and Albie Sachs – and Jafta was shortlisted for one of them, nominated by the Legal Resources Centre, the Aids Law Project, and fellow Judge of Appeal Kenneth Mthiyane.{{Cite news |date=21 September 2009 |title=All the candidates in the JSC interviews |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/all-the-candidates-in-the-jsc-interviews-459008 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=IOL}} He was interviewed in Kliptown,{{Cite news |date=21 September 2009 |title=Jafta takes the hotseat |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/jafta-takes-the-hotseat-459181 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=IOL}} and after the interviews, he was one of the seven candidates whom the Judicial Service Commission recommended as suitable for appointment.{{Cite web |date=2009-09-22 |title=No place for Hlophe on Concourt shortlist |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-09-22-no-place-for-hlophe-on-concourt-shortlist/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}
On 11 October 2009, President Jacob Zuma confirmed Jafta's elevation to the Constitutional Court. He took office the following day alongside Sisi Khampepe, Johan Froneman, and Mogoeng Mogoeng.{{Cite web |date=11 October 2009 |title=President Zuma appoints four Constitutional Court judges |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/president-zuma-appoints-four-constitutional-court-judges-11-oct-2009 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=South African Government}}
= Jurisprudence =
Jafta was one of the most prolific judges on the court and was particularly well known for writing dissenting opinions.{{Cite web |date=2021-10-18 |title=Chris Jafta – A reflection |url=https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/opinions/chris-jafta-a-reflection/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Judges Matter |language=en-ZA}} By 2013, the Mail & Guardian observed that he was "emerging as one of the main brains on the politically conservative side" of the Constitutional Court bench, which also included Justices Mogoeng and Raymond Zondo.{{Cite web |date=2013-10-17 |title=Applause for Mogoeng's judicial cadenza |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2013-10-17-applause-for-mogoengs-judicial-cadenza/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}} He was described as a legal formalist, as well as prone to defer to the executive branch.{{Cite web |date=2016-11-28 |title=Justices disagree: Is this the beginning of the end of a divide in the ConCourt |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-11-28-justices-disagree-is-this-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-a-divide-in-the-concourt/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}} However, he also wrote for the court's majority in EFF v Speaker II, a politically sensitive case in which the court arguably threatened to encroach on the independence of the legislature.{{Cite journal |last=Gardbaum |first=Stephen |date=2019 |title=Pushing the boundaries: judicial review of legislative procedures in South Africa |journal=Constitutional Court Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.2989/CCR.2019.0001 |issn=2073-6215 |doi-access=free}}
Perhaps his most celebrated judgment was Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela,Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela Communal Property Association v Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela Tribal Authority and Others {{Cite SAFLII|year=2015|court=ZACC|num=25}}. concerning the application of the Communal Property Association Act, 1996 to a dispute between residents of Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela community of the rural North West and their traditional leader. Jafta's unanimous judgment, which upheld an appeal in favour of the community members, was described as a "crucial" judgment on land rights and land reform.{{Cite web |last=Rabkin |first=Franny |date=29 May 2015 |title=Bakgatla case with far-reaching implications before top court |url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/law/2015/05/29/bakgatla-case-with-far-reaching-implications-before-top-court |accessdate=2015-09-13 |website=Business Day}}{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Michael |date=18 June 2015 |title=Bakgatla ba Kgafela's Constitutional Court case goes to heart of land reform |url=http://africanlegalcentre.org/michael-clark-bakgatla-ba-kgafelas-constitutional-court-case-goes-to-heart-of-land-reform/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928072829/http://africanlegalcentre.org/michael-clark-bakgatla-ba-kgafelas-constitutional-court-case-goes-to-heart-of-land-reform/ |archive-date=28 September 2015 |accessdate=2015-09-13 |website=African Legal Centre}} Commentators welcomed it, describing it as a victory for democratic land rights.{{Cite web |date=2015-08-20 |title=ConCourt hands land back to North West community |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-08-20-concourt-hands-land-back-to-north-west-community/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}{{Cite web |title=Landmark Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela community victory highlights land claims issues |url=http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/4779/landmark-bakgatla-ba-kgafela-community-victory-highlights-land-claims-complexity |accessdate=2015-09-13 |website=CapeTalk}}{{Cite web |last=Mashego |first=Penelope |date=21 August 2015 |title=Top court rules for community in landmark case |url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2015/08/21/top-court-rules-for-community-in-landmark-case |accessdate=2015-09-13 |website=Business Day}}{{Cite web |date=20 August 2015 |title=Constitutional Court judgment backs democratic control of land in traditional areas |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/08/20/Constitutional-Court-judgment-backs-democratic-control-of-land-in-traditional-areas |accessdate=2015-09-13 |website=Sunday Times |publisher=Rand Daily Mail}} More generally, Jafta's colleague, Justice Mbuyiseli Madlanga, admired his talent for statutory interpretation.
= Retirement =
Jafta retired from the judiciary on 11 October 2021 at the end of his non-renewable 12-year term in the Constitutional Court.{{Cite web |last=Seleka |first=Ntwaagae |date=13 October 2021 |title=Justices Sisi Khampepe and Chris Jafta join Mogoeng in retirement from ConCourt |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/justices-sisi-khampepe-and-chris-jafta-join-mogoeng-in-retirement-from-concourt-20211013 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=News24 |language=en-US}} His retirement coincided with that of Justice Sisi Khampepe and Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng.{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=Zondo thanks retiring Justices Khampepe and Jafta for their service |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2021-10-13-zondo-thanks-retiring-justices-khampepe-and-jafta-for-their-service/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}
Hlophe controversy
{{Main|John Hlophe gross misconduct}}
In 2008, while Jafta was acting in the Constitutional Court, Cape Judge President John Hlophe allegedly approached Jafta and Justice Bess Nkabinde with an attempt to persuade them to find in Jacob Zuma's favour in Thint v NDPP, a case that was pending before the court. The Constitutional Court laid a public complaint against Hlophe which Jafta and Nkabinde supported.{{Cite news|url = http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/judge-jafta-pulls-concourt-application-1.420003|title = Judge Jafta pulls ConCourt application|last = Smook|first = Ella|date = 13 October 2008|work = IOL}} Six years later, however, when the misconduct enquiry against Hlophe was pending, Jafta and Nkabinde brought a court challenge to the tribunal's jurisdiction, saying their own complaint was not legally valid.{{Cite web|url = http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/judges-file-hlophe-review-application-1.1594836|title = Judges file Hlophe review application|date = 21 October 2013|website = IOL|last = SAPA}} Eusebius McKaiser slammed Jafta and Nkabinde's "cowardice", which he said had brought the Constitutional Court into disrepute.{{Cite web|url = http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/shame-on-those-two-concourt-judges-1.1588046|title = Shame on those two Concourt judges|date = 7 October 2013|website = IOL|last = Mackaiser|first = Eusebius}} Others said Jafta and Nkabinde's conduct left them "baffled" and confounded expectations about how judges should behave.{{Cite web|url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2015/01/22/what-happens-when-the-judge-becomes-the-judged|title=What happens when the judge becomes the judged?|last=Rabkin|first=Franny|website=Rand Daily Mail|access-date=2016-07-25}} The two judges claimed, in response, that they were simply upholding the Constitution.{{Cite web|url = http://www.enca.com/south-africa/nkabinde-and-jafta-we-are-fighting-constitution|title = Nkabinde and Jafta: We are fighting for the Constitution|date = 21 October 2013|website = eNCA|last = Hawker|first = Dianne|access-date = 17 June 2015|archive-date = 19 October 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221019164735/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/nkabinde-and-jafta-we-are-fighting-constitution|url-status = dead}}
The High Court dismissed the judges' application on 26 September 2014,{{Cite web |last=Tolsi |first=Niren |date=6 October 2014 |title=Hlophe 'misconduct': Jafta, Nkabinde stall matter |url=http://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Hlophe-misconduct-Jafta-Nkabinde-stall-matter-20150429 |website=News24 |publisher=City Press}} and an appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal failed in March 2016.{{Cite web|url=http://www.saflii.org.za/za/cases/ZASCA/2016/12.html|title=Nkabinde and Another v Judicial Service Commission and Others (20857/2014) [2016] ZASCA 12|date=10 March 2016|website=SAFLII}} Jafta and Nkabinde subsequently filed for leave to appeal to their own court, the Constitutional Court,{{Cite web |title=Two Constitutional Court justices take case on appeal to own court |url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2016/04/10/two-constitutional-court-justices-take-case-on-appeal-to-own-court |access-date=2016-04-10 |website=Business Day Live}} a move which the Daily Maverick said created the impression that they were "obstructing and delaying the process" of holding Hlophe to account.{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-05-17-judge-hlophe-misconduct-charges-concourt-breakthrough-ruling-allows-judges-to-be-held-accountable/#.V5ZYzvkrJD8|title=Judge Hlophe misconduct charges: ConCourt breakthrough ruling allows judges to be held accountable|last=Thamm|first=Marianne|date=17 May 2016|website=Daily Maverick|access-date=2016-07-25}} On 16 May 2016, the Constitutional Court dismissed the two judges' application for leave to appeal.{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/concourt-dismisses-appeal-on-scas-judge-hlophe-misconduct-ruling-20160516|title=ConCourt dismisses appeal on SCA's Judge Hlophe misconduct ruling|last=Raborife|first=Mpho|date=16 May 2016|website=News24|access-date=2016-07-25}} However, on 7 June 2016, in a move that "baffled" observers, Jafta and Nkabinde applied to the court for a second time, now asking it to rescind its earlier dismissal order on the grounds that it had been granted erroneously.{{Cite web |last=Thamm |first=Marianne |date=9 June 2016 |title=Justice delayed: Two ConCourt judges inexplicably continue to stymie judicial accountability |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-06-09-justice-delayed-two-concourt-judges-inexplicably-continue-to-stymie-judicial-accountability/#.V5ZY1fkrJD8 |access-date=2016-07-25 |website=Daily Maverick}} Hlophe was ultimately impeached as a result of Jafta and Nkabinde's revelations.{{Cite news |date=2024-02-22 |title=John Hlophe: South Africa's parliament impeaches top judge |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68367284 |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}
Personal life
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Constitutional Court of South Africa}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jafta, Chris}}
Category:Date of birth missing (living people)
Category:People from Matatiele Local Municipality
Category:20th-century South African judges
Category:21st-century South African judges
Category:20th-century South African lawyers
Category:Judges of the Constitutional Court of South Africa
Category:Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)