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Chromodoris

{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Chromodoris lochi (AA3).jpg

| image_caption = Chromodoris lochi

| image2 = Chromodoris nudibranch komodo.jpg

| image2_caption = Chromodoris joshi in the Komodo National Park

| taxon = Chromodoris

| authority = Alder & Hancock, 1855Alder J. & Hancock A. (1855). A monograph of the British nudibranchiate Mollusca: with figures of all the species. The Ray Society, London. Part 7, Appendix xvii.

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = See text

| type_species = Doris magnifica

| type_species_authority = Quoy & Gaimard, 1832

| synonyms_ref =

| synonyms =

  • Actinodoris Ehrenberg, 1831 (Invalid: Placed on the Official Index by ICZN Opinion 1375)
  • Doris (Actinodoris) Ehrenberg, 1831
  • Glossodoris (Chromodoris) Alder & Hancock, 1855

}}

Chromodoris is a genus of very colourful sea slugs or dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, and the type genus of the family Chromodorididae. Within the genus Chromodoris, there are currently 101 classified species. Species within Chromodoris are commonly found in tropical and subtropical waters, living as members of reef communities and preying primarily on sponges.{{Cite thesis|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|degree=PhD in Biology and Evolutionary Biology |title=History of the chromodorid nudibranchs: Nomenclature, phylogenetics, biogeography and classification|last=Johnson|first=Rebecca Fay|date=2008|id = {{ProQuest|304661522}}}} A molecular phylogeny of the family Chromodorididae resulted in this genus being restricted to a smaller number of species than formerly, most of which have longitudinal black lines on the mantle. Many former members of Chromodoris were transferred to Goniobranchus

Anatomy

Chromodoris species exhibit one of the two major body types found within Nudibranchia. There are a few major bodily features that separate chromodorids from other sea slugs.

=Mantle=

Dorids have a thick mantle that exists over their foot, and in some species, the mantle can have tubercles (nodules along the surface of an organism that are made of keratin){{Cite web|url=https://fishionary.fisheries.org/tubercles/|title=Tubercles|date=May 2018|website=Fishionary}} of different concentrations, shapes, and sizes, providing some rigidity and protection for their soft, shell-less bodies. In most dorid species, the mantle holds toxins that defend the organism that are obtained through their diet.

=Respiratory system=

Chromodorids breathe oxygen principally through their gills, usually positioned in a featherlike structure located around the anus at their posterior, called the branchial plume.{{Cite web|url=https://invertebrate.w.uib.no/2018/12/16/door-16-basic-anatomy-of-the-sea-slug/|title=Basic Anatomy of the Sea Slug|date=December 2018|website=The Invertebrate Collections of the University Museum of Bergen}}

Phylogeny and taxonomy

The classification of the family Chromodorididae has been the subject of many studies on nudibranches in recent years,{{When|date=August 2019}} most focusing on the phylogeny and its impact on the traditional taxonomies of the genera. Chromodoris was long considered to be the most diverse genus of the Chromodorididae; however, a study published in July 2018 on Indo-pacific species of chromodorid nudibranchs has shown that the genus should be categorized more strictly, and has been narrowed down to 22 species. These species characteristically have black stripes along their bodies and linear spawning.{{Cite journal|last=Layton|first=Kara K.S.|date=July 2018|title=Flexible colour patterns obscure identification and mimicry in Indo-Pacific Chromodoris nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Chromodorididae)|url=http://apps.webofknowledge.com.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=5AJAwXnEQPieUQtMNMC&page=1&doc=2&cacheurlFromRightClick=no|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=124|pages=27–36|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.008|pmid=29476907|via=Web of Science|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018MolPE.124...27L }}

Chemical defenses

Chromodorid nudibranchs commonly exhibit chemical defenses to protect themselves from predators. Most of the species that exhibit this behavior make use of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes from the sponges they feed on. Nudibranchs can collect these compounds and store them as is, transform them, or be selectively sequestered, although there is no information on how common each mechanism is and which individual species exhibit the individual methods. Chromodorid nudibranchs in particular transport and store their toxic compounds in specialized storage glands located in strategic locations throughout the mantle, called mantle dermal formations (MDFs). These MDFs have been shown to harbor extremely high concentrations of distasteful and potent compounds in comparison to the rest of their body.{{Cite journal|title=Packaging and Delivery of Chemical Weapons: A Defensive Trojan Horse Stratagem in Chromodorid Nudibranchs|last=Carbone|first=Marianna|date=April 2013|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=4|pages=e62075|bibcode=2013PLoSO...862075C|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0062075|pmid=23620804|pmc=3631210|id = {{ProQuest|1344056819}}|doi-access=free}}

Reproduction

All nudibranchs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, with each individual possessing both male and female reproductive structures. During mating, two individuals compete for the position of male by darting their penises at one another until the victor penetrates the body wall of the other and impregnating them, forcing them to act as the female, an act commonly called "penis fencing." From here, the female lays eggs into a substrate, which hatch planktonic vestigial veliger larva, who will further evolve into adults.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sealifebase.ca/Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=87227&GenusName=Chromodoris&SpeciesName=lochi&fc=2094&StockCode=4867|title=Reproduction of Chromodoris lochi|last=Parducho|first=Vina Angelica|date=April 2015|website=SeaLifeBase}}

Species

Species in the genus Chromodoris include:{{Cite journal|last1=Bonomo|first1=Lynn J.|last2=Gosliner|first2=Terrence M.|date=2020-07-24|title=Adding stars to the Chromodoris (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) galaxy with the description of four new species|url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4819.3.1|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4819|issue=3|pages=401–435|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4819.3.1|pmid=33056090|s2cid=222838004 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription}}

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Image:Chromodoris africana.jpg|Chromodoris africana

Image:Chromodoris annae.jpg|Chromodoris annae

Image:Nudibranch - Chromodoris aspersa 6.jpg|Chromodoris aspersa

Image:B12 4158 1.jpg|Chromodoris boucheti

Image:Chromodoris dianae (AA3).jpg|Chromodoris dianae

Image:Chromodoris hamiltoni-1.jpg|Chromodoris hamiltoni

Image:Chromodoris nudibranch komodo.jpg|Chromodoris joshi

Image: Rikr0065 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|Chromodoris kuiteri

Image:Chromodoris lineolata-3.jpg|Chromodoris lineolata

Image:Chromodoris lochi (AA1).jpg|Chromodoris lochi

Image:Chromagn 2-1.jpg|Chromodoris magnifica

Image:Chromodorididae - Chromodoris michaeli.jpg|Chromodoris michaeli

Image:Chroorie 2-1.jpg|Chromodoris orientalis

image:PikiWiki Israel 37509 Nudibranch on sponge.jpg|Chromodoris quadricolor

Image:Chromodoris striatella-4.jpg|Chromodoris striatella

Image:Chromodoris strigata.jpg|Chromodoris strigata

Image:Chromodoris willani for nudipixel.jpg|Chromodoris willani

;Synonyms:

References

{{Commons category|Chromodoris}}

{{Reflist}}

Sources

  • {{Malacologia14radula}}
  • Rudman W.B. (1977) Chromodorid opisthobranch Mollusca from East Africa and the tropical West Pacific. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 61: 351-397
  • Rudman W.B. (1984) The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: a review of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 81 (2/3): 115-273 page(s): 130
  • Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). {{ISBN|0-915826-22-4}}. XII, 195 pp.
  • Rudman W.B. & Darvell B.W. (1990) Opisthobranch molluscs of Hong Kong: Part 1. Goniodorididae, Onchidorididae, Triophidae, Gymnodorididae, Chromodorididae (Nudibranchia). Asian Marine Biology 7: 31-79 page(s): 55
  • Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
  • [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033479 Johnson R.F. & Gosliner T.M. (2012) Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. PLoS ONE 7(4): e33479]

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{{Authority control}}

Category:Chromodorididae

Category:Gastropod genera