Ciarán Cuffe

{{Short description|Irish politician (born 1963)}}

{{Use Hiberno-English|date=June 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| image = Ciarán Cuffe Annual Green Convention 2018.jpg

| imagesize = 200px

| office = Co-chair of the European Green Party

| term_start = 7 December 2024

| term_end =

| predecessor = Thomas Waitz

| alongside = Vula Tsetsi

| office1 = Member of the European Parliament

| term_start1 = 2 July 2019

| term_end1 = 17 July 2024

| constituency1 = Dublin

| office2 = Minister of State

| suboffice2 = Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

| subterm2 = 2010–2011

| suboffice3 = Environment, Heritage and Local Government

| subterm3 = 2010–2011

| suboffice4 = Transport

| subterm4 = 2010–2011

| office5 = Teachta Dála

| term_start5 = May 2002

| term_end5 = February 2011

| constituency5 = Dún Laoghaire

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|4|3|df=y}}

| birth_place = Shankill, Dublin, Ireland

| death_date =

| death_place =

| party = {{ubl|Ireland: Green Party|EU: European Green Party}}

| spouse =

| children =

| relatives = {{ubl|Patrick Little (granduncle)|George Skakel (grandfather)|Ethel Kennedy (aunt)}}

| education = Gonzaga College

| alma_mater = {{Ubl|University of Maine|University College Dublin|University of Venice}}

| website = {{URL|ciarancuffe.com}}

|}}

Ciarán Cuffe (born 3 April 1963) is an Irish politician who has been co-chair of the European Green Party (EGP) since December 2024.{{Cite web |date=2024-12-07 |title=Vula Tsetsi and Ciarán Cuffe elected as the new co-chairs of European Green Party |url=https://europeangreens.eu/news/vula-tsetsi-and-ciaran-cuffe-elected-as-the-new-co-chairs-of-european-green-party/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=European Greens}} He served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Ireland for the Dublin constituency from July 2019 to July 2024. Cuffe is a member of the Irish Green Party, part of the EGP. He previously served as a Minister of State from 2010 to 2011. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2002 to 2011.{{cite web |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Ciar%C3%A1n-Cuffe.D.2002-06-06/ |title=Ciarán Cuffe |work=Oireachtas Members Database|access-date=20 January 2009|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617200455/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Ciar%25C3%25A1n-Cuffe.D.2002-06-06/|url-status=live}}

Background and personal life

He was born in Shankill, Dublin, the son of Luan Peter Cuffe{{cite web |url=https://www.dia.ie/architects/view/1328 |work=Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720–1940 |title=Cuffe, Luan Peter|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231803/https://www.dia.ie/architects/view/1328|url-status=live}} and Patricia Sistine Skakel. Luan Cuffe was an architect who was involved in town planning for Dún Laoghaire and Wicklow before taking over his brother-in-law's architectural practice. Luan Cuffe trained in Harvard University under Walter Gropius where he met Patricia Skakel whom he married. Through his mother Patricia, Ciarán is a grandson of George Skakel, a founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, and a nephew of Ethel Skakel Kennedy. His cousins include the children of Ethel and Robert F. Kennedy.{{cite web |url=http://cuffestreet.blogspot.com/2007/05/dear-prudence.html |title=Oh Dear, Prudence |work=Cuffe Street |date=13 May 2007 |access-date=23 May 2007 |archive-date=4 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704115224/http://cuffestreet.blogspot.com/2007/05/dear-prudence.html |url-status=live}} Cuffe's granduncle was the Fianna Fáil TD Patrick Little, and his great-grandfather Philip Francis Little was the first Prime Minister of Newfoundland in 1854.{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/dail-family-trees-show-clans-who-rule-ireland-1990157.html |title=Dail family trees show clans who rule Ireland |work=Irish Independent |date=27 December 2009 |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022114550/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/dail-family-trees-show-clans-who-rule-ireland-1990157.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web | url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/birth_returns/births_1917/01313/1542770.pdf | title=Irish Genealogy }}{{cite web | url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/marriage_returns/marriages_1910/09975/5627158.pdf | title=Irish Genealogy }} Cuffe is a member of the Dublin Cycling Campaign and has cycled coast-to-coast across the United States.{{cite news |url=https://www.joe.ie/news/5-things-you-may-not-know-about-ciaran-cuffe-9018 |title=5 things you may not know about Ciaran Cuffe {{!}} JOE.ie |work=JOE.ie |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175235/https://www.joe.ie/news/5-things-you-may-not-know-about-ciaran-cuffe-9018 |url-status=live }}

Education

He attended the Children's House Montessori School in Stillorgan, Gonzaga College in Ranelagh, the University of Maine at Orono, University College Dublin, and the University of Venice. Cuffe has degrees in architecture and urban planning from University College Dublin.{{cite news |url=http://www.ciarancuffe.com/about-me/ |title=About Me - Ciaran Cuffe |work=Ciaran Cuffe |access-date=19 July 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719174108/http://www.ciarancuffe.com/about-me/ |url-status=live}} He teaches a masters programme in urban regeneration & development at the Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton Street.{{cite web |url=http://www.dit.ie/studyatdit/postgraduate/taughtprogrammes/allcourses/dt9119-sdt9109-jpturbanregenerationdevelopmentmsc.html |title=All Courses - Study at DIT |website=www.dit.ie |language=en |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154005/http://www.dit.ie/studyatdit/postgraduate/taughtprogrammes/allcourses/dt9119-sdt9109-jpturbanregenerationdevelopmentmsc.html |archive-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=dead}} In 2019 he completed an MSc in cities at the London School of Economics.{{cite web |url=https://emc.lsecities.net/network-2/ |title=Network » Executive MSc in Cities » A transformational programme for working professionals at the London School of Economics. |website=emc.lsecities.net |language=en-US |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203415/https://emc.lsecities.net/network-2/ |url-status=live}}

Political career

=Early political activism=

Cuffe joined the Green Party in 1982, and campaigned with Students Against the Destruction of Dublin in the 1980s. He was twice elected to Dublin City Council, in 1991 and 1999, for the South Inner City electoral area.{{cite web|url=http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=4256 |title=Ciarán Cuffe |work=ElectionsIreland.org |access-date=20 January 2009 |archive-date=3 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203041407/http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=4256 |url-status=live}} In 1996, he launched a free bikes scheme in which bicycles were placed around Dublin city centre for use by the public.{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/greens-hope-for-a-new-cycle-in-city-transport-1.102996 |title=Greens hope for a new cycle in city transport |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=8 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808203015/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/greens-hope-for-a-new-cycle-in-city-transport-1.102996 |url-status=live}}

=Dáil Éireann (1997–2010)=

He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Dublin Central constituency at the 1997 general election, but was elected to the Dáil Éireann (lower house) at the 2002 general election for the Dún Laoghaire constituency.

In June 2003, he stepped down as the Green Party's environment spokesperson after it was revealed that he held shares worth $70,000 in a number of oil exploration companies which he had inherited when his late mother had left him $1.3 million in her will.{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2003/0610/green.html |title=Cuffe quits as Environment spokesman |date=10 June 2003 |work=RTÉ News |access-date=30 March 2010 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605192710/http://www.rte.ie/news/2003/0610/green.html |url-status=live}} He was re-elected at the 2007 general election.{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/elections2007/results/constit-22.html |title=General Election 2007 – Dún Laoghaire |date=25 May 2007 |work=RTÉ News: General Election 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818183706/http://www.rte.ie/news/elections2007/results/constit-22.html |archive-date=18 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}

Following the 2007 election, the Green Party formed a coalition government with two other political parties and a number of independent TDs. Just after the election, on 28 May 2007, he wrote in his blog: "A deal with Fianna Fáil would be a deal with the Devil. We would be spat out after 5 years, and decimated as a party."{{cite web |url=http://cuffestreet.blogspot.com/2007_05_01_archive.html |title=Great to be back |work=Cuffe Street |date=28 May 2007 |access-date=6 January 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725061241/http://cuffestreet.blogspot.com/2007_05_01_archive.html |url-status=live}}

He lost his seat at the 2011 general election.

=Minister of State (2010–2011)=

On 23 March 2010, as part of a reshuffle, he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, at the Department of Transport and at the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, with special responsibility for Horticulture, Sustainable Travel, and Planning and Heritage.{{Cite web |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2010-03-24/3/ |title=Ministerial Appointments: Announcement by Taoiseach – Dáil Éireann (30th Dáil) – Vol. 705 No. 2 |date=23 March 2010|access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218114732/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2010-03-24/3/|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0323/politics.html |title=Killeen, Carey promoted to cabinet |work=RTÉ News |date=23 March 2010 |access-date=23 March 2010 |archive-date=25 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325002855/http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0323/politics.html |url-status=live}}

While Cuffe was minister, the Oireachtas enacted the Planning and Development (Amendment) Act 2010 to address land-use planning failures and over-zoning of development land.{{cite web |url=http://www.environ.ie/en/DevelopmentHousing/PlanningDevelopment/Planning/PlanningLegislation-Overview/PlanningActs/ |title=Planning Acts - Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government |publisher=Environ.ie |date=26 July 2010 |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914180726/http://www.environ.ie/en/DevelopmentHousing/PlanningDevelopment/Planning/PlanningLegislation-Overview/PlanningActs/ |archive-date=14 September 2011 |url-status=dead}} The legislation reformed the way development plans and local area plans are made and, for the first time in Irish legislation, included a definition of Anthropogenic Climate Change and required energy use to be taken into account in planning decisions. He published the Climate Change Response Bill 2010, and an update of the National Spatial Strategy.{{cite web |url=http://www.irishspatialstrategy.ie/pdfs/Completea.pdf |title=Complete.pdf |date= |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183307/http://www.irishspatialstrategy.ie/pdfs/Completea.pdf%20 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/greens-want-to-enact-climate-bill-before-election-1.689112 |title=Greens want to enact climate Bill before election |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=19 July 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202201032/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/greens-want-to-enact-climate-bill-before-election-1.689112 |url-status=live}} He was head of the Irish delegation at the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancún, Mexico.{{Cite web |last=Cuffe |first=Ciarán |title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_16/statements/application/pdf/101209_cop16_hls_ireland.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=22 May 2021 |website=unfccc.int|archive-date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612020749/http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_16/statements/application/pdf/101209_cop16_hls_ireland.pdf}}

He promoted healthy eating for children, school gardens and local markets. He published bills to address climate change, noise pollution, and heritage protection. In January 2011, Cuffe launched a new policy of allowing bicycles on off-peak DART trains.{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2011/0105/1224286779803.html |title=Bicycles to be permitted on Dart and commuter trains in off-peak hours |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=5 January 2011 |first=Paul |last=Cullen |access-date=3 February 2011 |archive-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115072812/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2011/0105/1224286779803.html |url-status=live}}

He resigned as Minister of State on 23 January 2011, when the Green Party withdrew from government.{{Cite web |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2011-01-25/2/ |title=Termination of Ministerial Appointments: Announcement by Taoiseach – Dáil Éireann (30th Dáil) – Vol. 727 No. 3 |date=25 January 2011|access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814130005/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2011-01-25/2/|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0123/politics1.html |title=Green Party withdraws from government |work=RTÉ News |date=23 January 2011 |access-date=23 January 2011 |archive-date=24 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124114818/http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0123/politics1.html |url-status=live}}

=Dublin city council member (2014–2019)=

At the 2014 local elections he was elected to Dublin City Council for Dublin North Inner City area, on the 13th count.{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/elections/local-elections/dublin-city |title=The Irish Times, Local Election Results for Dublin City Council |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529154158/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/elections/local-elections/dublin-city |url-status=live}} He was appointed chairperson for the Dublin City Council Transportation Committee in 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-your-council-strategic-policy-committee-corporate-policy-group/transport-traffic |title=Transportation SPC {{!}} Dublin City Council |website=www.dublincity.ie |language=en |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233242/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-your-council-strategic-policy-committee-corporate-policy-group/transport-traffic |url-status=live }} As a member of the Central Area Committee for Dublin City Council, he worked to provide a site for the Gaelscoil Choláiste Mhuire primary school on Dominick Street in 2017.{{Cite web |title=List of Motions 14 November, 2017 |url=https://www.dublincity.ie/councilmeetings/documents/s13706/List%20of%20Motions%20Nov%2017.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724213309/https://www.dublincity.ie/councilmeetings/documents/s13706/List%20of%20Motions%20Nov%2017.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2018|access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.dublincity.ie}} Cuffe introduced 30 km/h speed limits to residential and school areas of Dublin.{{cite web |url=http://www.dublincity.ie/expansion-30kmhr-slow-zones-dublin%E2%80%99s-residential-and-school-areas |title=Expansion of 30km/hr Slow Zones in Dublin's Residential and School Areas {{!}} Dublin City Council |website=www.dublincity.ie |language=en |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203504/http://www.dublincity.ie/expansion-30kmhr-slow-zones-dublin%E2%80%99s-residential-and-school-areas |url-status=live }} He also advocates for a car-free College Green.{{cite news |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2018/0312/946723-traffic-arrangements-college-green/ |title=College Green plaza hearing adjourned until tomorrow |last=Kilraine |first=John |date=12 March 2018 |work=RTE.ie |access-date=19 July 2018 |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203357/https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2018/0312/946723-traffic-arrangements-college-green/ |url-status=live}} He called for an increase in affordable housing in Dublin, specifically for people with different incomes.{{cite news |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/readme/instead-of-segregated-policies-we-need-inclusive-housing-for-people-on-different-incomes-3898561-Mar2018/ |title=Instead of segregated policies, we need inclusive housing for people on different incomes |last=Cuffe |first=Ciarán |work=TheJournal.ie |access-date=24 July 2018|language=en |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831211853/http://www.thejournal.ie/readme/instead-of-segregated-policies-we-need-inclusive-housing-for-people-on-different-incomes-3898561-Mar2018/ |url-status=live}} Speaking on the Strategic Development Zone in the Docklands, he stated, "We have seen a lot of cranes in the Docklands but not a lot of homes. Particularly affordable homes."{{cite news |url=https://www.dublininquirer.com/2018/07/17/councillors-call-for-review-of-docklands-housing-plan/ |title=Councillors Call for Review of Plans for Housing in Docklands |date=17 July 2018 |work=Dublin Inquirer |access-date=24 July 2018 |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808091046/https://www.dublininquirer.com/2018/07/17/councillors-call-for-review-of-docklands-housing-plan/ |url-status=live}} He proposed a Motion declaring a Climate Emergency and this was approved at a meeting of the Council 13 May 2019.{{cite web |date=13 May 2019 |title=Agenda for Monthly Council Meeting on Monday 13th May, 2019, 6.15 pm |url=https://councilmeetings.dublincity.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=142&MId=3791&Ver=4|access-date=25 February 2021 |website=councilmeetings.dublincity.ie |language=en|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923075747/https://councilmeetings.dublincity.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=142&MId=3791&Ver=4|url-status=live}}

=Member of the European Parliament (2019–2024)=

Cuffe was selected as the Green Party candidate for the Dublin constituency at the 2019 European Parliament elections. He topped the poll, receiving 63,849 votes and was elected as an MEP on the 13th count, with 17.54% first preference votes.{{cite web |date=27 May 2019 |title=Green Party's Ciarán Cuffe elected MEP |url=https://electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=2019E&cons=524|url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2019 |work=Journal|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601083732/https://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=2019E&cons=524}} He was also re-elected to Dublin City Council, but due to the prohibition on a dual mandate, this seat was co-opted to fellow Green Party member Janet Horner.{{Cite web |url=https://www.dublininquirer.com/2019/09/04/council-brief-new-green-party-councillor-co-opted |title=Council Brief: New Green Party Councillor Co-opted |website=Dublin Inquirer|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128023138/https://www.dublininquirer.com/2019/09/04/council-brief-new-green-party-councillor-co-opted|url-status=live}}

Cuffe is a member of the TRAN (Transport and Tourism) Committee of the European Parliament and is the Coordinator of the Greens-EFA Group. He is also a member of the ITRE (Industry, Research and Energy) Committee, and has written an own initiative report (The Cuffe Report) on maximising the Energy Efficiency of the EU building stock (2020/2070).{{cite web |title=REPORT on maximising the energy efficiency potential of the EU building stock |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2020-0134_EN.html|access-date=25 February 2021 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311002457/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2020-0134_EN.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=EP approved the Cuffe report with overwhelming majority |url=https://www.rehva.eu/news/article/ep-approved-the-cuffe-report-with-overwhelming-majority|access-date=25 February 2021 |website=REHVA |language=en|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230075424/https://www.rehva.eu/news/article/ep-approved-the-cuffe-report-with-overwhelming-majority|url-status=live}} In 2022, he was appointed rapporteur on the directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD).{{Cite web |last=Cuffe |first=Ciarán |date=16 May 2022 |title=Isolate Putin. Insulate homes. |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/isolate-putin-insulate-homes/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=www.euractiv.com |language=en}}

Cuffe is President of the European Forum for Renewable Energy Sources (EUFORES),{{cite web |title=EUFORES: Home |url=http://www.eufores.org/|access-date=4 March 2021 |website=www.eufores.org|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303152525/http://eufores.org/|url-status=live}} a cross-party European parliamentary network gathering members of European, regional and national parliaments of the EU, and works to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency.{{cite web |title=EUFORES: Mission |url=http://www.eufores.org/index.php?id=18|access-date=4 March 2021 |website=www.eufores.org|archive-date=4 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704185848/http://www.eufores.org/index.php?id=18|url-status=live}}

In June 2023, Cuffe was the recipient of the Energy, Science and Research Award at The Parliament Magazine's annual MEP Awards{{cite news|url=https://www.mepawards.eu/winners-2023/|title=MEP Awards: Winners 2022|date=27 June 2023|work=The Parliament Magazine|access-date=24 August 2023}}

Cuffe lost his seat at the 2024 European Parliament election.{{cite web|url=https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/ciaran-cuffe-becomes-second-mep-to-lose-seat-in-dublin-1637139.html |title=Ciarán Cuffe becomes second MEP to lose seat in Dublin |work=BreakingNews.ie |date=11 June 2024|access-date=14 June 2024}}

= Co-chair of the European Green Party (2024–present) =

On 7 December 2024, Cuffe was elected co-chair of the European Green Party alongside Vula Tsetsi, receiving "near unanimous" support from European green parties. The duo ran on a platform of "[taking] on the extreme right, and to bolster a green and just transition that benefits everyone."{{Cite web |date=2024-12-07 |title=Vula Tsetsi and Ciarán Cuffe elected as the new co-chairs of European Green Party |url=https://europeangreens.eu/news/vula-tsetsi-and-ciaran-cuffe-elected-as-the-new-co-chairs-of-european-green-party/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=European Greens}}{{Cite web |title=Ciarán Cuffe elected as new co-chair of European Green Party {{!}} Green Party |url=https://www.greenparty.ie/news/ciaran-cuffe-elected-new-co-chair-european-green-party |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.greenparty.ie}}

References

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