Ciara Durkin

{{Short description|First openly LGBT soldier to die in Afghanistan}}

{{Infobox military person

| birth_date = July 6, 1977

| death_date = September 28, 2007

| birth_place = Galway, Ireland

| death_place = Bagram Air Base

| death_cause = Suicide

| placeofburial = Arlington National Cemetery

| allegiance = United States

| branch = Army

| branch_label = Massachusetts Army National Guard

| serviceyears = 2005–2007

| rank = Corporal (awarded posthumously)

| unit = 726th Operations Group, Finance Battalion

| known_for = First openly LGBT soldier to die in Afghanistan or Iraq

| awards = Purple Heart, Army Commendation Medal, National Defense Medal, Afghanistan Campaign Medal, Global War on Terror

}}

Ciara Marie Durkin (July 6, 1977 – September 28, 2007) was an American soldier who died while serving in Afghanistan. Born in Ireland, she was the first openly lesbian soldier to die in Operation Enduring Freedom. Her death was initially misreported as a result of combat. A lack of information surrounding the details of her death quickly caused controversy when connections were drawn between her death and sexual orientation. Durkin's death was later ruled a suicide, leading to conversations about the dangers of false reporting and the wider narrative regarding suicide among members of the military.

Biography

Ciara Durkin was born in 1977 in Galway, Ireland to Tom and Angela Durkin. She was the eighth of nine children. When she was nine years old, she moved with her family to the United States where they lived in Quincy, Massachusetts.{{Cite web |date=2007-10-08 |title=Dead gay soldier is hate crime victim, says family |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/dead-gay-soldier-is-hate-crime-victim-says-family/26323811.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Irish Independent |language=en}} Her father died of a heart attack shortly after the family arrived in the United States.{{Cite web |last=Tatz |first=Dennis |title=Quincy resident killed in Afghanistan; family asks Irish government to investigate |url=https://www.tricountyindependent.com/story/news/2007/10/01/quincy-resident-killed-in-afghanistan/46711507007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Tri-County Independent |language=en-US}} In 1996 she graduated from Fontbonne Academy in Milton, Massachusetts.{{Cite web |last=MANN |first=JENNIFER |title=Military tribute, hundreds of people honor Durkin at funeral |url=https://www.wickedlocal.com/story/archive/2007/10/07/military-tribute-hundreds-people-honor/39018715007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Wicked Local |language=en-US}} She later went on to a career in information technology.

= Military career =

In October 2005, after being made redundant from her role at Fenway Health, a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health care, research and advocacy organization, Durkin joined the Massachusetts Army National Guard. There, she was assigned to the 726th Operations Group, Finance Battalion, based in West Newton, Massachusetts. Prior to her military service, Durkin was open about her sexual orientation as a lesbian and volunteered for gay rights causes.{{Cite web |title=OUR VIEW: She was a soldier |url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/opinion/2007/10/12/our-view-she-was-soldier/40254140007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Patriot Ledger |language=en-US}} Despite the ongoing military policy of "Don't ask, don't tell", Durkin joined the military to serve her country and give back.

In November 2006, Durkin's unit was first deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. After returning home, her unit redeployed to Afghanistan in February 2007 for a planned year long rotation.{{Cite news |title=Guardswoman's Death in Afghanistan a Mystery |url=https://www.npr.org/2007/10/05/15046409/guardswomans-death-in-afghanistan-a-mystery |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=NPR |language=en}} In Afghanistan, Durkin worked in a finance role doing payroll in an office within Bagram Air Base. Her office was reportedly three miles inside the base's secure perimeter.{{Cite web |date=2007-10-04 |title=How Did Specialist Ciara Durkin Die? - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-did-specialist-ciara-durkin-die/#:~:text=Initially%20the%20Pentagon%20reported%20that,related%20incident%22%20at%20Bagram%20Airfield. |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}

= Death and aftermath =

On September 28, 2007, Specialist Durkin died of a single gunshot wound outside the chapel at Bagram Air Base.{{Cite web |title=Slain Lesbian Soldier Ciara Durkin Remembered |url=https://www.advocate.com/news/2007/10/09/slain-lesbian-soldier-ciara-durkin-remembered |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.advocate.com |language=en}} At the time of her death, Durkin's unit of the Massachusetts National Guard Army reported Durkin's death was from combat-related injuries and that she had "died in action" in Afghanistan. The announcement of her death in combat caused confusion and alarm for her family, who understood Durkin to be working a clerical role. Durkin had previously shared with them that she felt "safer" when deployed to Afghanistan, compared to postings in Iraq. After her death, specialist Durkin was posthumously promoted to corporal.{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Jennifer |title=Second autopsy done on Quincy soldier |url=https://www.hollandsentinel.com/story/news/2007/10/08/second-autopsy-done-on-quincy/48293885007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Holland Sentinel |language=en-US}}

Durkin's death was recognized as the first openly gay member of the military to be killed in Afghanistan or Iraq. Durkin was locally recognized as the third Massachusetts woman and the first from the South Shore to be killed in Iraq or Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom.

Days after her death was announced, Durkin's cause of death was revised, with the Army reporting it was the result of a "non-combat incident". The Massachusetts National Guard apologized for their mistake, alleging that a guardsman new to his role made Durkin's death announcement in error.

= Controversy =

By October 5, 2006, the Army's official response for the cause of Durkin's death was "undetermined". Rumors surrounding the circumstances of Durkin's death began to circulate as the military released few details to the family in the absence of a full investigation.{{Cite web |date=2007-10-07 |title=After Suspicious Death, Guard Laid To Rest - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/after-suspicious-death-guard-laid-to-rest/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2007-10-04 |title=Durkin Family Mourns |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2007/10/04/durkin-family-mourns |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.wbur.org |language=en}} Knowing she worked in a secure area, the Durkin family initially suspected her death was accidental or the result of friendly fire. At the time, Durkin's family did not suspect her death was a murder, or that it had anything to do with her being openly gay.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 4, 2007 |title=Mystery Surrounds Death of U.S. Solider |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3687897&page=1 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=ABC News |language=en}}

After homicide was "not ruled out" in the days following,{{Cite web |last=Schoberg |first=Diana |title=Homicide is not ruled out in Quincy GI's death |url=https://www.hollandsentinel.com/story/news/2007/10/04/homicide-is-not-ruled-out/47443911007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Holland Sentinel |language=en-US}} and the military declined to release further information, parties external to the Durkin family speculated publicly that Durkin's sexual orientation could be a possible motive. Initially raised by the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network{{Cite web |title=Gay Rights Group Urges Probe into Death of Lesbian GI in Afghanistan |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2007/10/9/headlines/gay_rights_group_urges_probe_into_death_of_lesbian_gi_in_afghanistan |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}} and LGBT/ queer aligned press outlets{{Cite web |title=Family of slain lesbian soldier meets with Army investigators |url=https://www.advocate.com/news/2007/10/06/family-slain-lesbian-soldier-meets-army-investigators |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.advocate.com |language=en}} such as Pink News{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=PinkNews Staff |date=2007-10-05 |title=Mystery death of lesbian solider in Afghanistan |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2007/10/05/mystery-death-of-lesbian-solider-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=PinkNews {{!}} Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news {{!}} LGBTQ+ news |language=en-US}} and GO Magazine,{{Cite web |date=2007-10-31 |title=Lesbian Soldier Dies Suspiciously in Afghanistan - GO Magazine |url=https://gomag.com/article/lesbian_soldier_dies_susp/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=gomag.com |language=en-US}} others soon raised concerns connecting Durkin's sexuality and death.{{Cite journal |last=Riley |first=Robin L. |date=2008 |title=Women and War: Militarism, Bodies, and the Practice of Gender |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00132.x |journal=Sociology Compass |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=1192–1208 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00132.x |issn=1751-9020|url-access=subscription }} On October 8, 2007, Aaron Belkin of the Palm Center, a research institute and think tank released a statement,

“While the facts in this case await investigation, we are concerned about the ways in which the ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ policy could obstruct military investigators’ ability to obtain a full account of the circumstances of a gay or lesbian service member’s death".{{Cite web |last=Casentini |first=Jameson |date=2007-10-08 |title=Palm Center Statement On The Death Of Specialist Ciara Durkin |url=https://palmcenterlegacy.org/palm-center-statement-death-specialist-ciara-durkin/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Palm Center |language=en-US}}

Others suggested Durkin's sexuality created a rationale for the Army and the mainstream press to "ignore" her case.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2007-10-10 |title=Press accused of ignoring death of lesbian soldier |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2007/10/10/press-accused-of-ignoring-death-of-lesbian-soldier/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=PinkNews {{!}} Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news {{!}} LGBTQ+ news |language=en-US}} In response to increased attention, the Durkin family asked the Irish government and their congressional representatives to press the military for answers.{{Cite web |last=Underwood |first=Mike |date=2007-10-03 |title=Slain soldier told kin to investigate if she died |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2007/10/03/slain-soldier-told-kin-to-investigate-if-she-died/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Boston Herald |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Gelzinis |first=Peter |date=2007-10-03 |title=Army runaround keeps family from finding out the truth |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2007/10/03/army-runaround-keeps-family-from-finding-out-the-truth/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Boston Herald |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Lane |title=After a soldier's death, questions |url=https://www.eveningtribune.com/story/news/2007/10/01/after-soldier-s-death-questions/47923152007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Hornell Evening Tribune |language=en-US}} Pressure by the Irish government, Senator John Kerry and Representative Ted Kennedy put a spotlight on Durkin's case.{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Jennifer |title=Fraternization cited in Quincy soldier's suicide |url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/news/2008/12/06/fraternization-cited-in-quincy-soldier/40222608007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Patriot Ledger |language=en-US}} Seeking information, Kerry helped the Durkin family arrange a second private autopsy of Durkin's body prior to her cremation.

On October 7, 2007, over 2,000 mourners attended Durkin's funeral in Quincy, Massachusetts where she was received with full military honors. Mourners included Massachusetts governor Deval Patrick and Senator Kerry. Durkin's fiancée was recognized in the funeral program as her "best friend".

= Official investigation =

After recovering Durkin's body, the Army opened a formal investigation into the circumstances of Durkin's unexpected death. The limited disclosures during the investigation in the following months led the Durkin family and media in the United States and Ireland to raise questions about the Army's procedure and conduct.{{Cite web |last=Scheible |first=Sue |title=Quincy soldier killed in Afghanistan had gun pointed at her 3 months before her death |url=https://www.enterprisenews.com/story/news/2007/11/19/quincy-soldier-killed-in-afghanistan/40194468007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Enterprise News |language=en-US}}

Nine months after her death, the investigation returned the cause of suicide, caused by one gunshot to the head.{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Jennifer |title=Death of Quincy soldier in Afghanistan ruled a suicide |url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/news/2008/06/24/death-quincy-soldier-in-afghanistan/40231640007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Patriot Ledger |language=en-US}} Durkin's family openly questioned the conclusion of suicide.{{Cite web |date=2008-06-25 |title=Death of Quincy Soldier Ruled Suicide |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2008/06/25/death-of-quincy-soldier-ruled-suicide |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.wbur.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Underwood |first=Mike |date=2008-10-01 |title=Skepticism remains in GI's death |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2008/10/01/skepticism-remains-in-gis-death/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Boston Herald |language=en-US}} They recounted that Durkin was upbeat before her death, suggesting that Durkin was killed in a hate crime for her sexual orientation, or possibly as in the Pat Tillman case, that she had been killed in a friendly fire incident that the Army was covering up. The official military investigation found no evidence that Durkin was killed in a hate crime. The investigation found Durkin accessed a combat stress clinic on 11 occasions between April and June 2007, and had sent text messages disclosing that she was going to kill herself.{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Jennifer |title=Army report: Quincy soldier told friend she was suicidal |url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/news/2008/10/07/army-report-quincy-soldier-told/40158105007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Patriot Ledger |language=en-US}}

In the years since the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, research has found active duty and veteran members of the military during deployment are at a considerably increased risk of suicide than the general population.{{Cite journal |last=Bullman |first=Tim |last2=Schneiderman |first2=Aaron |last3=Bossarte |first3=Robert |date=2017-04-07 |title=Suicide Risk by Unit Component among Veterans Who Served in Iraq or Afghanistan |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5592133/ |journal=Archives of Suicide Research |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/13811118.2017.1304308 |issn=1381-1118 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250207073028/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5592133/ |archive-date=2025-02-07|pmc=5592133 }}{{Cite journal |last=Hoge |first=Charles W. |last2=Ivany |first2=Christopher G. |last3=Schoenbaum |first3=Michael |date=2016-11-01 |title=Death by suicide in US military during the Afghanistan and Iraq wars |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(16)30305-4/abstract |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |language=English |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=1001–1003 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30305-4 |issn=2215-0366|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Blosnich |first=John R. |last2=Mays |first2=Vickie M. |last3=Cochran |first3=Susan D. |date=September 2014 |title=Suicidality Among Veterans: Implications of Sexual Minority Status |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4151905/ |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=104 |issue=S4 |pages=S535–S537 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2014.302100 |issn=0090-0036 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250203063043/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4151905/ |archive-date=2025-02-03|pmc=4151905 }} In releases after the conclusion of the investigation, allegations connecting Durkin's sexual orientation, death and a possible "cover-up" by the Army, overshadowed reports suggesting that Durkin was actively suicidal at the time of her death.

= Burial =

Durkin's cremated remains were split between Ireland and the United States in accordance with her wishes.{{Cite web |last=Schoberg |first=Diane |title=Durkin's ashes to be flown to Ireland |url=https://www.sj-r.com/story/news/2007/10/09/durkin-s-ashes-to-be/46816053007/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The State Journal-Register |language=en-US}} In 2008, a portion of Durkin's cremated remains were laid to rest with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.{{Cite news |last=Berman |first=Mark |date=June 28, 2008 |title=Corporal Laid to Rest after 2007 Suicide |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2008/06/28/corporal-laid-to-rest-after-2007-suicide/1857a2d1-fe81-4b4a-8e46-a9b5f9b39597/ |work=The Washington Post}}