Cishan culture

{{Short description|6500–5000 BC north Chinese archaeological culture}}

{{Infobox archaeological culture

|name = Cishan culture

|map = Cishan map.svg

|mapalt =

|altnames =

|horizon =

|region = Hebei, Henan

|period = Neolithic China

|dates = 6500–5000 BC

|typesite = Cishan

|majorsites =

|extra =

|precededby = Nanzhuangtou

|followedby = Yangshao culture

| module = {{Chinese

|child = yes

|c=磁山文化

|p=Císhān wénhuà

}}

}}

{{coord|36.7|N|114.2|E|region:CN_type:country|display=title}}

The Cishan culture (6500–5000 BC) was a Neolithic culture in northern China, on the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains.{{sfn|Liu|Chen|2012|p=133}} The Cishan culture was based on the farming of broomcorn millet, the cultivation of which on one site has been dated back 10,000 years.{{Cite journal

| last1 = Lu | first1 = H.

| last2 = Zhang | first2 = J.

| last3 = Liu | first3 = K. -B.

| last4 = Wu | first4 = N.

| last5 = Li | first5 = Y.

| last6 = Zhou | first6 = K.

| last7 = Ye | first7 = M.

| last8 = Zhang | first8 = T.

| last9 = Zhang | first9 = H.

| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0900158106

| last10 = Yang | first10 = X.

| last11 = Shen | first11 = L.

| last12 = Xu | first12 = D.

| last13 = Li | first13 = Q.

| title = Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago

| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

| volume = 106

| issue = 18

| pages = 7367–7372

| year = 2009

| pmid = 19383791

| pmc =2678631

| bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.7367L

| doi-access = free

}}

The people at Cishan also began to cultivate foxtail millet around 8700 years ago.{{sfn|Liu|Chen|2012|p=84}} However, these early dates have been questioned by some archaeologists due to sampling issues and lack of systematic surveying.{{sfn|Liu|Chen|2012|pp=84, 133–134}}

Common artifacts from the Cishan culture include stone grinders, stone sickles and tripod pottery. The sickle blades feature fairly uniform serrations, which made the harvesting of grain easier. Cord markings, used as decorations on the pottery, was more common compared to neighboring cultures. Also, the Cishan potters created a broader variety of pottery forms such as basins, pot supports, serving stands, and drinking cups.

Since the culture shared many similarities with its southern neighbor, the Peiligang culture, both cultures were sometimes previously referred to together as the Cishan-Peiligang culture or Peiligang-Cishan culture. The Cishan culture also shared several similarities with its eastern neighbor, the Beixin culture. However, the contemporary consensus among archaeologists is that the Cishan people were members of a distinct culture that shared many characteristics with its neighbors.{{sfn|Zhu|2013}}

This culture has been linked to the origin of the Sino-Tibetan language family.{{sfnp|Sagart|Jacques|Lai|Ryder|2019|pp=10319–10320}}

File:The origin and spread of the Sino-Tibetan language family.pngs. After applying the linguistic comparative method to the database of comparative linguistic data developed by Laurent Sagart in 2019 to identify sound correspondences and establish cognates, phylogenetic methods are used to infer relationships among these languages and estimate the age of their origin and homeland.{{sfnp|Sagart|Jacques|Lai|Ryder|2019|pp=10319–10320}}]]