Citrobacter
{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Citrobacter freundii.jpg
| image_alt = "Citrobacter freundii"
| image_caption = Citrobacter freundii
| taxon = Citrobacter
| authority = Werkman and Gillen, 1932
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
- C. amalonaticus
- C. braakii
- C. europaeus
- C. farmeri
- C. freundii
- C. gillenii
- C. koseri
- C. murliniae
- C. pasteurii{{cite web|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/citrobacter|title=Citrobacter|first=A.C.|last=Parte|website=LPSN|access-date=18 October 2018}}
- C. portucalensis
- C. rodentium
- C. sedlakii
- C. werkmanii
- C. youngae
}}
Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped{{Cite web |title=Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine |trans-title=Medical Dictionary of the Academy of Medicine |url=https://www.academie-medecine.fr/le-dictionnaire/index.php?q=citrobacter |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.academie-medecine.fr |language=fr}} coliform bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Citrobacter spp. cause opportunistic infections (including urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia).
Microbiology
= Microbial biochemistry =
The species C. amalonaticus, C. koseri, and C. freundii can use citrate as a sole carbon source. Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to indole (C. koseri is the only citrobacter to be commonly indole-positive), ferment lactose (C. koseri is a lactose fermentor), and use malonate.{{cite journal |last1=Lipsky |first1=Benjamin A. |last2=Hook III |first2=Edward W. |last3=Smith |first3=Arlene A. |last4=Plorde |first4=James J. |year=1980 |title=Citrobacter Infections in Humans: Experience at the Seattle Veterans Administration Medical Center and a Review of the Literature |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=746–760 |doi=10.1093/clinids/2.5.746 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=6763304}}
Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes.{{Cite journal |last1=Macaskie |first1=Lynne E. |last2=Empson |first2=Ruth M. |last3=Cheetham |first3=Anthony K. |last4=Grey |first4=Clare P. |last5=Skarnulis |first5=A. Jerome |date=1992 |title=Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO2PO4 |url= |journal=Science |language=en |volume=257 |issue=5071 |pages=782–784 |bibcode=1992Sci...257..782M |doi=10.1126/science.1496397 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=1496397}}
= Environmental microbiology =
These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in soil, water, wastewater, etc. They can also be found in the human intestine.{{cite journal |last1=Drelichman |first1=Vilma |last2=Band |first2=Jeffrey D. |year=1985 |title=Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=145 |issue=10 |pages=1808–1810 |doi=10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808 |pmid=3899035}}{{cite journal |last1=Badger |first1=Julie D. |last2=M.F. Stins |first2=Monique F. |last3=Kim |first3=Kwang Sik |year=1999 |title=Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=67 |issue=8 |pages=4208–4215 |pmc=96726 |pmid=10417193}}
Clinical significance
Citrobacter are considered opportunistic nosocomial pathogens, typically associated with urinary tract infections and infant meningitis and sepsis.{{Cite journal |last1=Jabeen |first1=Ishrat |last2=Islam |first2=Sohidul |last3=Hassan |first3=A. K. M. Imrul |last4=Tasnim |first4=Zerin |last5=Shuvo |first5=Sabbir R. |date=2023 |title=A brief insight into Citrobacter species–a growing threat to public health |url= |journal=Frontiers in Antibiotics |volume=2 |doi=10.3389/frabi.2023.1276982/full |issn=2813-2467 |doi-access=free}}
= Antimicrobial resistance =
Citrobacter freundii strains have inducible ampC genes encoding resistance to ampicillin and first-generation cephalosporins.{{Cite journal |last1=Meini |first1=Simone |last2=Tascini |first2=Carlo |last3=Cei |first3=Marco |last4=Sozio |first4=Emanuela |last5=Rossolini |first5=Gian Maria |date=2019 |title=AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales: what a clinician should know |url= |journal=Infection |language=en |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=363–375 |doi=10.1007/s15010-019-01291-9 |issn=1439-0973}} In addition, isolates of Citrobacter may be resistant to many other antibiotics as a result of plasmid-encoded resistance genes.
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/19991011213002/http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/nam0797.htm Citrobacter] at DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures
- [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/citrobacter-eng.php Canada Public Health Data Sheet]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134081}}