Clapper bridge
{{short description|Bridge formed by large flat slabs of stone}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2017}}
{{BridgeTypePix|
|type_name = Clapper Bridge
|image = Tarr Steps 01.jpg
|image_title = Tarr Steps, Exmoor, Somerset, England
|sibling_names = Log bridge
|descendent_names = Arch bridge, trestle bridge
|ancestor_names = Step-stone bridge
|carries = footpaths, tracks, roadways
|span_range = Short
|material = Stone
|movable = No
|design = Low
|falsework = No
|}}
A clapper bridge is an ancient form of bridge found on the moors of the English West Country (Bodmin Moor, Dartmoor and Exmoor) and in other upland areas of the United Kingdom including Snowdonia and Anglesey, Cumbria, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, and in northern Wester Ross
and north-west Sutherland in Scotland.{{Cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/88560/achnamara-clapper-bridge|title=Achnamara, Clapper Bridge | Canmore|website=canmore.org.uk|accessdate=28 February 2021}}{{cite web|url=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB485|title=ACHRIESGILL BRIDGE OVER ACHRIESGILL WATER|website=Historic Environment Scotland|access-date=8 June 2022}} It is formed by large flat slabs of stone, often granite or schist. These can be supported on stone piers across rivers, or rest on the banks of streams.
History
Although often credited with prehistoric origin, most were erected in medieval times, and some in later centuries.{{Cite book
|url=http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/au-arch.pdf
|title=A Guide to the Archaeology of Dartmoor
|publisher=Dartmoor National Park Authority
|year=2003
|isbn=1-84114-226-3
|ref={{harvid|Archaeology of Dartmoor|2003}}
|page=27
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006185810/http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/au-arch.pdf
|archive-date=6 October 2008
|df=dmy-all
}} They are often situated close to a ford where carts could cross. According to the Dartmoor National Park, the word 'clapper' derives ultimately from an Anglo-Saxon word, {{lang|ang|cleaca}}, meaning 'bridging the stepping stones';{{sfnp|Archaeology of Dartmoor|2003|p=59}} the Oxford English Dictionary gives the intermediate Medieval Latin form {{lang|la|clapus}}, {{lang|la|claperius}}, "of Gaulish origin", with an initial meaning of "a pile of stones".French and Provençal clapier developed the additional significance of a rabbit warren. (OED, s.v. "clapper".)
Examples
File:Postbridge Clapper Bridge 2005-07-21.jpg
A fine example, the Postbridge Clapper Bridge, can be found at Postbridge, on Dartmoor. Its slabs are over {{convert|4|m}} long, {{convert|2|m}} wide and weigh over {{convert|8|MT}} each, making the bridge passable to a small cart. It was first recorded in 1380 and was built to facilitate the transportation of Dartmoor tin by pack horses to the stannary town of Tavistock.
Other surviving examples include the Tarr Steps over the River Barle in Exmoor, and Stara Bridge over the River Lynher in east Cornwall.
File:Wycoller clapper bridge.jpg
Some larger clapper bridges, such as at Dartmeet and Bellever, have collapsed – their slabs swept away by floods, or raided for building or wall construction - and have since been rebuilt. However, there are many other smaller examples in existence on Dartmoor and still in use, such as those at Teignhead Farm (close to Grey Wethers stone circles), Scorhill and across the Wallabrook stream.
While the term "clapper bridge" is typically associated with the United Kingdom, other "clapper-style" bridges exist throughout the world. One example is the Anping Bridge in China, being over two kilometres long and one in Louisburgh, County Mayo in Ireland.
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Notes
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References
{{commons category|Clapper bridges}}
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