Claude Choules

{{Short description|Last living combat veteran of the First World War}}

{{Infobox military person

|name= Claude Choules

|image= ClaudeChoules1915.jpg

|image_size=

|alt=

|caption= Claude Choules, aged 14 in 1915

|birth_date= {{birth date|1901|3|3|df=yes}}

|death_date= {{death date|2011|5|5|df=yes}}
(aged {{age in years and days|1901|3|3|2011|5|5}})

|birth_place= Pershore, Worcestershire, England, United Kingdom{{cite web |url=http://dreammail.edgesuite.net/FindMyPast/claude_choules_1911.JPG |title=1911 census |access-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105555/http://dreammail.edgesuite.net/FindMyPast/claude_choules_1911.JPG |archive-date=23 July 2011}}

|death_place= Salter Point, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

|placeofburial=

|nickname=

|allegiance= {{flag|United Kingdom}}
{{flag|Australia}}

|branch= {{navy|UK}} (1915–26)
{{navy|Australia}} (1926–56)

|serviceyears= 1915–1956

|rank= Chief Petty Officer

|unit=

|commands=

|battles= {{tree list}}

|awards= British War Medal
Victory Medal Ribbon
War Medal (1939–1945) UK Ribbon
Australian Service Medal (1939–1945) Ribbon
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Ribbon
Centenary Medal
Australian Defence Medal
Naval Long Service and Good Conduct Medal

|relative=

|laterwork=

}}

File:Claude&Ethel1926.jpg

File:ClaudeChoules1929-HMASCanberra.jpg Choules aboard HMAS Canberra, 1929]]

File:HMAS Choules Sydney 21122011.JPG

Claude Stanley Choules ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|uː|l|z}};[https://www.npr.org/2011/05/05/136011945/last-known-world-war-i-combat-veteran-dies Last known World War I combat veteran dies], 5 May 2011, National Public Radio, www.npr.org 3 March 1901 – 5 May 2011) was a British-born military serviceman from Pershore, Worcestershire, who at the time of his death was the oldest combat veteran of the First World War from England, having served with the Royal Navy from 1915 until 1926. After having emigrated to Australia he served with the Royal Australian Navy, from 1926 until 1956, as a chief petty officer and was a naturalised Australian citizen.{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/8496300/Claude-Choules-the-Last-of-the-Last.html |title=Claude Choules: the Last of the Last |work=The Telegraph |date=5 May 2011 |access-date=5 May 2011}}{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/8494068/Claude-Choules-a-place-in-history.html |title=Claude Choules: a place in history |work=The Telegraph |date=5 May 2011 |access-date=5 May 2011}}{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/8494591/Chief-Petty-Officer-Claude-Choules.html |title=Obituary: Chief Petty Officer Claude Choules |work=The Telegraph |date=5 May 2011 |access-date=5 May 2011}} He was the last surviving military witness to the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow in 1919 and the last surviving veteran to have served in both world wars. At the time of his death, he was the third-oldest verified military veteran in the world and the oldest known living man in Australia.{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25841206-12377,00.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525150744/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25841206-12377,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 May 2012 |title= Claude Choules says WWI was 'boring' |last=Agence France-Presse |date=27 July 2009 |publisher=The Australian |access-date=2 August 2008 |quote=Mr Choules was informed by his 80-year-old daughter Anne Pow over the weekend that the death of 111-year-old Harry Patch, Britain's last soldier who fought in the Great War's infamous trenches, had made him the country's sole survivor.}} He was the seventh-oldest living man in the world. Choules became the oldest man born in the United Kingdom following the death of Stanley Lucas on 21 June 2010. Choules died at the age of 110 years and 63 days.{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/05/05/3208495.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505033601/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/05/05/3208495.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2011 |title=Australia's last WWI veteran dies ABC News |newspaper=ABC News |date=5 May 2011 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=6 May 2011}} He had been the oldest British-born man; following his death, that honour went to Reverend Reginald Dean. In December 2011, the landing ship {{HMAS|Choules|L100|6}} was named after him, only the second Royal Australian Navy vessel named after a sailor.

Early life

Claude Choules was born in Bridge Street, Pershore, Worcestershire, on 3 March 1901 and raised in the nearby village of Wyre Piddle. The son of Harry and Madeline (née Winn, known as Madge), Claude was one of seven children, although two died in early childhood. The surviving siblings were Douglas (born 1893), Henry Leslie (known as Leslie, born 1894), Phyllis (born 1899) and Madge Gwendoline (known as Gwendoline, born 1904).{{Sfn|Choules|2010|p=13}} His mother left home when Claude was five, returning to the stage as an actress, and he and his older brothers were raised by his father. At the time of his mother's departure from the family, Claude was told that she had died and he never saw her again. His older sister Phyllis lived with the family of a paternal uncle, while his younger sister Gwendoline was adopted by the family of a paternal aunt, who lived in Pewsey, Wiltshire.{{Sfn|Choules|2010|p=15}} Claude and his older brothers went to Pershore National Boys' School, though Douglas and Les emigrated to Western Australia in 1911.{{Sfn|Choules|2010|pp=18–19}}

Choules was 13 on the outbreak of the First World War, and the family received letters from DouglasClaude's brother Private Douglas Victor Choules, aged 21, joined on 3 September 1914 (Service number: 522), was assigned to "E" Company of 11 Infantry Battalion and embarked on HMAT Ascanius at Fremantle on 2 November 1914. ([http://www.awm.gov.au/research/people/nominal_rolls/first_world_war_embarkation/person.asp?p=175911 Embarkation Roll]) He named his brother Leslie as his next of kin. ([http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/records/awm8/23/28/awm8-23-28-1-0180.pdf Nominal Roll]) and LeslieClaude's brother Private Henry Leslie Choules, aged 19, joined on 29 January 1915 (Service number: 1794), was assigned to 4 Infantry Brigade of 16 Infantry Battalion and embarked on HMAT Argyllshire at Fremantle on 19 April 1915. ([http://www.awm.gov.au/research/people/nominal_rolls/first_world_war_embarkation/person.asp?p=187072 Embarkation Roll]) He was awarded the Military Medal on 18 June 1917. ([https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1099633 It's an Honour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113203034/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1099633&search_type=quick&showInd=true |date=13 January 2018 }}) He held the rank of sergeant when he returned to Australia on 28 February 1919. ([http://www.awm.gov.au/research/people/nominal_rolls/first_world_war/page.asp?p=1657687 First World War Nominal Roll Page – AWM133, 09-077])There was also a Private Norman William Choules, aged 27, who joined on 28 October 1915 (Service number: 4470), was assigned to 11 Infantry Battalion (14th Reinforcements), and embarked on HMAT Miltiades at Fremantle on 12 February 1916. His next of kin was his wife, Mrs M I Choules of Palmyra, Fremantle. ([http://www.awm.gov.au/research/people/nominal_rolls/first_world_war_embarkation/person.asp?p=178120 Embarkation Roll]) He died of wounds on 10 May 1917, aged 29, and was buried at the Grevillers British Cemetery in France. He was the son of William and Mary Ann Choules; husband of M. I. Choules. Born at Palmyra, Western Australia. ([http://www.awm.gov.au/research/people/roll_of_honour/person.asp?p=522795 Roll of Honour])[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/8494591/Chief-Petty-Officer-Claude-Choules.html Claude Choules' obituary in The Telegraph] notes: "His sister and his two older brothers, Henry and Douglas, emigrated to Western Australia, where the two boys joined the Australian Imperial Force. They survived the fighting at Gallipoli and in France. ... But three other members of the family left their names on Wyre Piddle's First World War memorial." who had joined the Australian Imperial Force and landed at Anzac Cove during the Gallipoli Campaign. Choules was able to leave school when he turned 14, at which point he attempted to enlist in the army as a bugler boy but was rejected as he was too young.{{Sfn|Choules|2010|pp=30–32}}

Naval training

Choules's father then arranged for him to train to join the navy instead, and in April 1915, at age 14, he joined the nautical training ship TS Mercury.{{Sfn|Choules|2010|p=32}}

This training ship was moored on the River Hamble, near Southampton, Hampshire, and had a dormitory ship called HMS President that had previously been {{HMS|Gannet|1878|6}}.{{Sfn|Choules|2010|p=41}} The commander of the Mercury training site was the cricketer C. B. Fry, and Choules's time there included trips to Netley Hospital as part of the Mercury{{'}}s dancing team.{{Sfn|Choules|2010|pp=42–43}} The examinations taken by Choules following his training on the Mercury qualified him to attend the advanced class on the naval training ship HMS Impregnable situated at the Devonport naval base in Plymouth. Choules transferred there on 10 October 1916, for what was to be the final stage of his training before joining the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet.{{Sfn|Choules|2010|p=44}}

Naval service

On 20 October 1917 Choules joined the battleship {{HMS|Revenge|06|2}}, which was the flagship of the First Battle Squadron stationed at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. While serving aboard, Choules saw action against German zeppelins,{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-10205174 |title=Obituary: Claude Choules |date=5 May 2011 |website=BBC News |access-date=28 January 2020}} and witnessed the surrender of the German Imperial Navy at the Firth of Forth in 1918, ten days after the Armistice, as well as witnessing the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow.{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/news/navynews/editions/05_13_02/story09.htm |title=500 km by bike to demolish Albany |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080203114523/http://www.defence.gov.au/news/navynews/editions/05_13_02/story09.htm |publisher=Navy News |access-date=6 July 2007 |last=Booth |first=Gary |archive-date=3 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}

In 1926, along with 11 other Royal Navy senior sailors, Choules travelled to Australia on loan as an instructor at Flinders Naval Depot. He travelled in {{Interlanguage link multi|SS Mataroa{{!}}SS Diogenes|fr|3=Mataroa}} on a six-week voyage from London to Melbourne, and it was on this voyage that he met his future wife Ethel Wildgoose who was travelling to Australia to carry out work for the Victoria League.{{Sfn|Choules|2010|p=115}} Choules decided to transfer permanently to the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) after sampling and agreeing with the Australian way of life.{{cite news | url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/last-post-for-final-veteran-of-wwi-20110506-1ebzm.html | title=Last post for final veteran of WWI | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=7 May 2011 | access-date=11 May 2011 | author=Carman, Gerry}}

He took his discharge from the RAN in 1931, but remained in the reserves and rejoined the RAN in 1932 as a chief petty officer torpedo and anti-submarine instructor. He never returned to England after leaving.{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/03/04/2179829.htm?site=perth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105235707/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/03/04/2179829.htm?site=perth |title=WWI survivor celebrates his 107th birthday |publisher=ABC Perth |access-date=4 March 2008 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}

During the Second World War, Choules was the acting Torpedo Officer at HMAS Leeuwin, the naval base at Fremantle, Western Australia,{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/age-no-longer-wearies-last-warrior-of-two-world-wars-20110505-1eaci.html |title=Age no longer wearies last warrior of two world wars |last=Conway |first=Doug |date=6 May 2011 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=1 June 2011}} and also served as the Chief Demolition Officer on the western side of the Australian continent. He was tasked with sabotaging Fremantle harbours and related oil storage tanks in the event of a Japanese invasion. Choules was also responsible for dealing with the first German mine to wash up on Australian soil during the war, near Esperance, Western Australia.

Choules remained in the RAN after the Second World War and transferred to the Naval Dockyard Police (NDP) to allow him to remain in service until 1956, as retirement from the RAN for ratings in those days was at age 50, while personnel could serve until 55 years old in the NDP.{{cite web |url=http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=77&ContentID=22565 |title=At 106, the secret to long life is: Don't die |publisher=WA News |access-date=3 February 2008 |last=Batcheler |first=Alison |date=3 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024132/http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=77&ContentID=22565 |archive-date=30 September 2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.theadvocate.tv/ADVO1104.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828231138/http://www.theadvocate.tv/ADVO1104.pdf |title=A lesson in Longevity |publisher=The Baptist Advocate |access-date=3 February 2008 |archive-date=28 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}

Personal life

Choules and his wife Ethel were married for 76 years, until her death in 2003 at the age 98. Choules shunned celebrations of the Armistice, because he was against the glorification of war.{{cite web |author=Emma Alberici |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/11/12/2740433.htm?section=world |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115102619/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/11/12/2740433.htm?section=world |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2009 |title=Merkel helps French mark Armistice Day |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=6 May 2011}} His autobiography The Last of the Last was first published in Perth in 2009,{{cite web |author=Linda Cann |url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/last-ww1-vet-in-australia-claude-choules-turning-109/story-e6frg13u-1225836139288 |title=Last WW1 veteran in Australia, Claude Choules, turns 109 |publisher=Perth Now |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=6 May 2011}} followed by an annotated edition for UK readers in 2010.

On 6 August 2009, although almost blind and deaf, he was still mentally active and gave a television interview.[http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//ITN/2009/08/06/T06080924/ Five videos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115155836/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist/ITN/2009/08/06/T06080924/ |date=15 November 2009 }}, 6 August 2009, Interview with Claude Choules, ITV News, www.itnsource.com

In late April 2010, Choules's daughter Daphne Choules-Edinger reported that his health was declining and he was unlikely to give any further interviews.{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/final-battle-nears-for-last-of-great-war-greats-20100423-tjc5.html |title=Final battle nears for last of Great War greats |work=The Age |location=Australia |date=24 April 2010 |access-date=26 April 2010 |last=Tate |first=Lee}} He celebrated his 110th birthday in March 2011.{{cite web |url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/8890520.110th_birthday_for_proud_veteran/ |title=110th birthday for proud veteran |publisher=Worcesternews.co.uk |date=4 March 2011 |access-date=6 May 2011}} In the final years of his life, he resided at Gracewood Hostel in Salter Point, a suburb of Perth.

Media appearances

Claude Choules appeared in the BBC documentaries The Last Tommy (2005) and Harry Patch – The Last Tommy (2009). After his death, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard stated, "Mr Choules and his generation made a sacrifice for our freedom and liberty we will never forget".{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/veterans-death-breaks-last-link-to-wwi/story-e6frg8yo-1226050787293 |title=Veteran Claude Choules's death breaks last link to World War I |last=Perpitch |first=Nicolas |date=6 May 2011 |work=The Australian |access-date=6 May 2011}}

Death and funeral

Choules died on 5 May 2011.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10205174| title=Obituary: Claude Choules|work=BBC News |date=4 May 2011 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=4 May 2011}} He was survived by three children, 11 grandchildren, 22 great-grandchildren and three great-great-grandchildren. He was given a naval funeral in Fremantle, Western Australia on 20 May 2011. Guests included the West Australian Premier Colin Barnett, state Opposition Leader Eric Ripper and federal Defence Minister Stephen Smith, who gave a reading during the service. Choules's son Adrian gave the eulogy.{{cite web |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/touch-of-humour-at-last-wwi-veterans-farewell/2170420.aspx |title=Touch of humour at last WWI veteran's farewell |work=The Canberra Times|date=21 May 2011 |access-date=23 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120024752/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/touch-of-humour-at-last-wwi-veterans-farewell/2170420.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2011}}

On 13 December 2011, the former Royal Fleet Auxiliary landing ship {{ship|RFA|Largs Bay|L3006|2}} was commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy as {{HMAS|Choules|L100|6}}.{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-13/hmas-choules-to-be-commissioned/3727686 |title=HMAS Choules commissioned in honour of veteran |work=ABC News |date=13 December 2011 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=13 December 2011}} The decision to name the ship after Claude Choules came about because of his status as the last surviving veteran of World War I; the naming recognises the service of enlisted sailors as part of celebrations of the navy's centenary (the ship is only the second vessel named after a sailor), and also acknowledges the ship's previous service under British control (Choules served in both the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy during his career).{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/Naming_of_Ex_RFA_Largs_Bay_-_HMAS_Choules |title=Naming of Ex RFA Largs Bay – HMAS Choules |last=Griggs |first=Ray |date=13 August 2011 |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206021228/http://www.navy.gov.au/Naming_of_Ex_RFA_Largs_Bay_-_HMAS_Choules |archive-date=6 December 2011}}

Choules was the last surviving male veteran of World War I and the last surviving veteran who saw active service. His death left Florence Green (19 February 1901 – 4 February 2012) as the last surviving veteran.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/norfolk/8465064.stm Norfolk woman identified as WWI survivor], 19 January 2010, BBC News

Legacy

On 10 April 2014, after a campaign by a distant relative,{{Cite news|date=2011-07-25|title=Claude Choules: Campaign for Pershore war veteran memorial|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-14266614|access-date=2021-04-23}} the Pershore Town Council agreed to honour Choules by naming a street ("Choules Close") after him, in recognition of the fact that he was born in Bridge Street in the centre of the town.{{cite news|url=http://www.eveshamobserver.co.uk/2014/04/23/news-War-veteran-honoured-by-town-104373.html|title=War veteran honoured by town|author=Nigel Slater|author-link=Nigel Slater|publisher=Evesham Observer|location=Evesham, Worcestershire, UK|date=18 April 2014|access-date=23 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140423155057/http://www.eveshamobserver.co.uk/2014/04/23/news-War-veteran-honoured-by-town-104373.html|archive-date=23 April 2014}}

Awards

In November 2009, Choules became the oldest recipient of the Australian Defence Medal. (The medal was established in 2006 to recognise members of the Australian Defence Force who have served for more than four years after 3 September 1945).{{cite news |url=http://www.hmascanberra.com/crews/claude.html |title=Claude Choules |date=6 May 2011 |publisher=HMAS CANBERRA FFG-02 site |access-date=7 May 2011}}Australian Government, Defence Honours and Awards, Issue 9 (April 2010) and Issue 12 (April 2012).

He was also awarded the British War Medal 1914–18, the Victory Medal 1914–18, the War Medal 1939–45, the Australia Service Medal 1939–45, the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal, the Centenary Medal and the Royal Navy Long Service and Good Conduct Medal with Clasp.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120210050004/http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01887/Choules_1887623b.jpg Choules's medals.] Photo taken prior to addition of Australian Defence Medal. Copyright REUTERS

style="margin:1em auto;"

|100px 100px 100px 100px

100px 100px 100px 100px

class="wikitable"
50px	British War Medal
50px	Victory Medal 1914–18
50px	War Medal 1939–45
50px	Australia Service Medal 1939–45
50px	Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal	1953
50px	Centenary Medal	2001[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1117515 Centenary Medal] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152222/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1117515 \|date=22 February 2019 }}, 1 January 2001, It's an Honour
50px	Australian Defence Medal	2009
50px	Royal Navy Long Service and Good Conduct Medal	with clasp to denote 30 years' service

Notes

References

{{cite book | last1 = Choules | first1 = Claude | year = 2010 | url = http://www.rbooks.co.uk/product.aspx?id=1845967054 | publisher = Mainstream Publishing | location = Edinburgh & London | title = The Last of the Last: The Final Survivor of the First World War | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-1-84596-705-5 | access-date = 31 August 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811001219/http://www.rbooks.co.uk/product.aspx?id=1845967054 | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | url-status = dead }}

External links

[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80032394 Imperial War Museum Interview]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090302163640/http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=77&ContentID=127327 WWI veteran Claude has a 108th birthday date]
[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/royal-navy-service.asp#research View the Royal Navy service record (1916–1926) of Claude Choules ]
[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7178172&queryType=1&resultcount=1 Catalogue entry], UK National Archives
[https://web.archive.org/web/20131019111826/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//ITVProgs/1992/01/07/Y05870109/ Five videos], 2009 interview with of Claude Choules, ITV News
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110505033601/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/05/05/3208495.htm Last male WWI veteran dies], 5 May 2011, ABC
Copyright photos:
[http://www.hmascanberra.com/media/Claude%20ADM.jpg Claude Choules receiving the Australian Defence Medal];
At Monument Hill War Memorial in Fremantle: [http://resources0.news.com.au/images/2011/05/05/1226050/502328-claude-choules.jpg Claude and family][http://www.hmascanberra.com/media/Claude%20at%20Memorial.jpg Claude]
[http://www.whatsonsanya.com/news_images/73a6d7d26aea59fe_3.jpg An active Claude at 105]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20160119193223/http://l.yimg.com/ea/img/-/110505/a_051201genanniv_16s439q-16s439s.jpg 100-year-old Claude with his wife Ethel, 97, celebrating their 75th wedding anniversary]