Clementina Rind

{{Infobox person

| name = Clementina Rind

| image = Clementina-Rind-02.jpg

| imagesize =

| caption = statue of Clementina Rind at the Virginia Women's Monument

| birth_date = ca. 1740

| death_date = September 25, 1774

| death_place = Williamsburg, Va.

| occupation = Printer

| known_for = First female newspaper printer and publisher in Virginia.

| spouse = William Rind

}}

Clementina Rind (c. 1740–September 25, 1774) was a Colonial American woman who is known as being the first female newspaper printer and publisher in Virginia.{{Cite web|url=https://www.virginiahistory.org/collections-and-resources/virginia-history-explorer/clementina-rind-printer|title=Clementina Rind, Printer {{!}} Virginia Museum of History & Culture|website=www.virginiahistory.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06}} Living and working in Williamsburg, Virginia, she took the printing press established by her husband, William Rind, after his death in 1773. Clementina continued to print The Virginia Gazette and also published Thomas Jefferson's tract A Summary View of the Rights of British America.{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Rind_Clementina_d_1774|title=Rind, Clementina (d. 1774)|website=www.encyclopediavirginia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06}}

Early years

File:Virginia Gazette February 10 1775.jpg

Little is known about Clementina's early life. She was born around 1740, possibly in Maryland.{{Cite book|title=Notable American Women, 1607-1950, Volume III:P-Z|last=Carson|first=Jane D.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1971|editor-last=James|editor-first=Edward T.|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=163–164|editor-last2=James|editor-first2=Janet Wilson|editor-last3=Boyer|editor-first3=Paul Samuel}} Sometime between 1762 and 1765, she married William Rind (1733-1773), a printer in Maryland who worked in partnership with Annapolis printer, Jonas Green{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Rind_Clementina_d_1774#start_entry|title=Rind, Clementina (d. 1774)|website=www.encyclopediavirginia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06}} on the Maryland Gazette. William Rind and Jonas Green worked together until publication of The Maryland Gazette was suspended in October 1765 as a protest to the Stamp Act of 1765. Afterwards, the Rinds moved to Williamsburg sometime between late 1765 and early 1766 in response to an invitation William Rind had received to start The Virginia Gazette. On May 16, 1766, the first issue of William Rind's The Virginia Gazette was printed,{{Cite book|title=Virginia Women: Their Lives and Times|last=King|first=Martha J.|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2015|editor-last=Kierner|editor-first=Cynthia A.|location=Athens, GA|pages=74–94|editor-last2=Treadway|editor-first2=Sandra Gioia}} accompanied with the motto, "Open to ALL PARTIES, but Influenced by NONE."{{Cite web|last=Ewing|first=Kelley|date=2017|title=A Much Obliged And Humble Servant: Clementina Rind's Virginia Gazette|url=https://uncommonwealth.virginiamemory.com/blog/2017/03/15/a-much-obliged-and-humble-servant-clementina-rinds-virginia-gazette/|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Uncommonwealth: Voice from the Library of Virginia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218031429/https://uncommonwealth.virginiamemory.com/blog/2017/03/15/a-much-obliged-and-humble-servant-clementina-rinds-virginia-gazette/ |archive-date=2020-12-18 }} Within this newspaper, William Rind printed local publications advertisements as well as information from the Virginia House of Burgesses (laws, resolutions, proclamations, and journals), a practice Clementina Rind would later continue.{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Rind_Clementina_d_1774#start_entry|title=Rind, Clementina (d. 1774)|website=www.encyclopediavirginia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-07}} As the printing press flourished, so too did their lives in Williamsburg. By 1767, they were living on the Duke of Gloucester Street, in a brick building that served as both a work space and a family residence. Together, Clementina and William Rind, built a life and family consisting of five children (one daughter and four sons) all of whom were born in Williamsburg, with the exception of the eldest who was born in Maryland.

Printing career

Following the death of her husband in August 1773, Clementina Rind edited and published The Virginia Gazette until 1774.{{cite web|title=Browse Virginia Gazette By Date|url=http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGbyYear.cfm|publisher=Colonial Williamsburg|access-date=4 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724032014/http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGbyYear.cfm|archive-date=24 July 2014}} She managed the press out of her brick home, now the Ludwell–Paradise House in Colonial Williamsburg.{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.org/almanack/places/hb/hbludw.cfm|title=Ludwell-Paradise House}} Rind printed submissions from female readers, giving the newspaper a strong female point of view.{{cite book|title=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia|date=2002|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2591307944/rind-clementina-c-17401774.html|chapter=Rind, Clementina (c. 1740–1774)}} In 1774, Rind was the first to print Thomas Jefferson's A Summary View of the Rights of British America.{{cite web|title=Clementina Rind, Printer|url=http://www.vahistorical.org/collections-and-resources/virginia-history-explorer/clementina-rind-printer|publisher=Virginia Historical Society|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811235434/http://www.vahistorical.org/collections-and-resources/virginia-history-explorer/clementina-rind-printer|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}

Rind became ill in August 1774 and died the following month in Williamsburg. She had five children: William, John, Charles, James, and Maria. She was honored as part of the first class of Virginia Women in History in 2000.{{cite web|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/vawomen/honoree.htm?bio=Rind2000|title=Virginia Women in History 2000 Clementina Rind|access-date=13 December 2016}}