Clerodane diterpene
{{Short description|Class of chemical compounds}}
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Clerodane diterpenes, sometimes referred to as clerodane diterpenoids, are a large group of secondary metabolites that have been isolated from several hundreds of different plant species, as well as fungi, bacteria and marine sponges.{{cite journal | vauthors = Li R, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH | title = Clerodane diterpenes: sources, structures, and biological activities | journal = Natural Product Reports | volume = 33 | issue = 10 | pages = 1166–226 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27433555 | pmc = 5154363 | doi = 10.1039/C5NP00137D }} They are bicyclic terpenes that contain 20 carbons and a decalin core.
Classification
The clerodane diterpenes are classified into four groups trans-cis (TC), trans-trans (TT), cis-cis (CC), and cis-trans (TC) based on the relative stereochemistry at the decalin junction (trans or cis) and the relative stereochemistry of the substituents at C-8 and C-9 (trans or cis). The absolute stereochemistry of the clerodanes is classified as neo (shown below) or ent-neo (enantiomeric to neo). The neo-clerodanes share the same absolute stereochemistry as clerodin. Approximately 25% of clerodanes have the 5:10 cis ring junction. The remaining 75% have a trans 5:10 ring junction.{{cite journal | vauthors = Merritt AT, Ley SV | title = Clerodane diterpenoids | journal = Natural Product Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 243–87 | date = June 1992 | pmid = 1436738 | doi = 10.1039/np9920900243 }}
Biosynthesis
They are structurally related to the bicyclic labdane diterpenes. Its biosynthesis in plants (mostly present in the families Lamiaceae and Asteraceae) takes place in the chloroplasts. Some forms can be useful intermediates in organic synthesis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Arns S, Barriault L | title = Cascading pericyclic reactions: building complex carbon frameworks for natural product synthesis | journal = Chemical Communications | issue = 22 | pages = 2211–21 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17534496 | doi = 10.1039/b700054p }} Some clerodanes like clerodin (3-desoxy-caryoptinol) from the leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum (Verbenaceae) have anthelminthic properties, others like {{chem name|ajugarins}} are repellent to herbivore predators (mostly insects and their larvae) or have a very bitter taste, such as gymnocolin.
Some examples for clerodanes are {{chem name|ajugarins}} I to V extracted from bugleweeds like Ajuga remota, Ajuga ciliata, Ajuga decumbens, common skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata), and germanders (Teucrium sp.), cascarillin from Croton eluteria, {{chem name|calumbins}} from Jateorhiza columba, Jateorhiza palmata and guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), gymnocolin from Gymnocolea inflata, hardwickiic acid from Hardwickia species (Fabaceae).{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} Neo-clerodane diterpenes can have hallucinogenic properties such as salvinorin A, a trans-neoclerodane diterpene from Salvia divinorum.{{cite journal | vauthors = Shirota O, Nagamatsu K, Sekita S | title = Neo-clerodane diterpenes from the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum | journal = Journal of Natural Products | volume = 69 | issue = 12 | pages = 1782–6 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17190459 | doi = 10.1021/np060456f }}
See also
References
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External links
- {{MeshName|Clerodane+diterpenes}}