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Clinopodium

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Clinopodium vulgare01.jpg

| image_caption = Clinopodium vulgare

| display_parents = 2

| taxon = Clinopodium

| authority = L.{{cite web |title=Genus Clinopodium L. |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=2702 |website=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}

| type_species = Clinopodium vulgare

| type_species_authority = L.

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = See text

| synonyms_ref = {{cite web |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30008690-2 |title=Clinopodium L. |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|access-date=19 March 2023}}

| synonyms =

  • Acinos Mill.
  • Antonina Vved.
  • Bancroftia R.K.Porter
  • Calamintha Mill.
  • × Calapodium Holub
  • Ceratominthe Briq.
  • Diodeilis Raf.
  • Drymosiphon Melnikov
  • Faucibarba Dulac
  • Gardoquia Ruiz & Pav.
  • Nostelis Raf.
  • Oreosphacus Phil.
  • Rafinesquia Raf.
  • Rizoa Cav.
  • Xenopoma Willd.

}}

Clinopodium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, in the subtribe Menthinae. Clinopodium belongs to a large and complex group of genera including many New World mints such as Hedeoma, Monarda, and Pycnanthemum, and this group is in turn a sister clade to Mentha. The genus name Clinopodium is derived from the Latin clinopodion, from the Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|κλινοπόδιον}} ({{grc-tr|κλινοπόδιον}}), from {{wikt-lang|grc|κλίνη}} ({{grc-tr|κλίνη}}) "bed" and {{lang|grc|πόδιον}} ({{grc-tr|πόδιον}}) "little foot". These were names for Clinopodium vulgare.Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume I, page 91. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2673-8}} (set). They allude to the form of the calyx.Paul Victor Fournier. 1946. Les Quatre Flores de France, page 838. Paris: Lechevalier.

Clinopodium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora albitarsella.

Various Clinopodium species are used as medicinal herbs. For example, C. macrostemum is used in Mexico as a tea under the name {{lang|es|poleo}} or {{lang|es|yerba de borracho}} to cure hangovers, stomach aches, and liver disease.

Taxonomy

Clinopodium has been defined very differently by different authors. Some have restricted it to as few as 13 species, all closely related to the type species, Clinopodium vulgare. In the latest revision of Lamiaceae, Clinopodium encompassed about 100 species, including those otherwise placed in the genera Acinos, Calamintha, Micromeria, Satureja, and Xenopoma.{{Cite book| publisher = Springer| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-18617-2_11| isbn = 9783642186172| pages = 167–275| editor = Joachim W. Kadereit| last1 = Harley| first1 = RM| last2 = Atkins| first2 = S| last3 = Budantsev| first3 = AL| last4 = Cantino| first4 = PD| last5 = etc| title = Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae)| chapter = Labiatae| location = Berlin| series = The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants| volume = 7| date = 2004| chapter-url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rogier-De-Kok/publication/251405438_Labiatae/links/54d22d050cf28959aa7c2e55/Labiatae.pdf}} This circumscription, called Clinopodium sensu lato, was shown to be polyphyletic in 2004,{{cite journal |last1=Trusty |first1=Jennifer L. |last2=Olmstead |first2=Richard G. |last3=Bogler |first3=David J. |last4=Santos-Guerra |first4=Arnoldo |last5=Francisco-Ortega |first5=Javier |title=Using Molecular Data to Test a Biogeographic Connection of the Macaronesian Genus Bystropogon (Lamiaceae) to the New World: A Case of Conflicting Phylogenies |journal=Systematic Botany |date=1 July 2004 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=702–715 |doi=10.1600/0363644041744347}} with additional information on the issue published in 2010. As currently defined, Clinopodium includes both a core clade of this genus that includes the type species and a sister clade that is a broad assemblage of New World species designated Clinopodium alongside species included in 22 other genera. This "Clinopodium complex" will need a systematic taxonomic and nomenclatural review before valid names can be designated.{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.016| volume = 55| issue = 2| pages = 501–523| last1 = Bräuchler| first1 = Christian| last2 = Meimberg| first2 = Harald| last3 = Heubl| first3 = Günther| title = Molecular phylogeny of Menthinae (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae, Mentheae): Taxonomy, biogeography and conflicts| url = https://www.academia.edu/download/82047710/j.ympev.2010.01.01620220311-11351-1csw4iv.pdf| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| date = 2010}}

Selected species

{{Main|List of Clinopodium species|l1=List of Clinopodium species}}

The genus Clinopodium is considered polyphyletic by modern authors. The cladistic classification below follows the clades outlined in Brauchler, et al (2010) with additional species data from Drew, et al (2017). New World species of Clinopodium that have not been sequenced are assumed to be part of the "New World group".

=''Clinopodium'' [[sensu stricto]]=

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

  • Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) Kuntze
  • Clinopodium gracile (Benth.) Kuntze – slender wild basil
  • Clinopodium menthifolium (Host) Stace – woodland calamint
  • Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze – lesser calamint
  • Clinopodium serpyllifolium (M.Bieb.) Kuntze
  • Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) K.Koch
  • Clinopodium vulgare (L.) – wild basil{{ITIS |id=500207 |taxon=Clinopodium |access-date=2012-02-23}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2702 |title=GRIN Species Records of Clinopodium |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2012-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120180624/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2702 |archive-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead }} (type species)

}}

=''Clinopodium'' [[sensu lato]]=

==''Clinopodium abyssinicum'' group==

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}}

==''Clinopodium acinos'' group==

Allied to Ziziphora.

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}}

==''Clinopodium nepalense'' group==

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

}}

==''Clinopodium simense'' group==

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

}}

==New World group==

Polyphyletic assemblage of New World species assigned to Clinopodium intermixed with species from 22 other named genera (including Conradina, Minthostachys, Monardella, etc).

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

}}

==Unclear affiliation==

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

}}

Gallery

Steentijm.jpg|Clinopodium acinos

Acinos alpinus 002.JPG|Clinopodium alpinum

Clinopodium arkansanum 5475026.jpg|Clinopodium glabrum

Calamintha ashei.jpg|Clinopodium ashei

Clinopodium chinense subsp. grandiflorum 1.JPG|Clinopodium chinense

Clinopodium coccineum01-Alabama.jpg|Clinopodium coccineum

Micromeria corsica 3.JPG|Clinopodium corsicum

Calamintha cretica.jpg|Clinopodium creticum

Clinopodium dalmaticum kz03.jpg|Clinopodium dalmaticum

Clinopodium dentatum (Calamintha dentata) - Bok Tower Gardens - DSC02109.jpg|Clinopodium dentatum

Yerba Buena - Clinopodium douglasii.jpg|Clinopodium douglasii

Clinopodium glabellum.jpg|Clinopodium glabellum

Clinopodium gracile toubana02.jpg|Clinopodium gracile

Clinopodium grandiflorum 1.jpg|Clinopodium grandiflorum

Clinopodium macranthum 2.JPG|Clinopodium macranthum

Clinopodium menthifolium sl1.jpg|Clinopodium menthifolium

Clinopodium micranthum 2.JPG|Clinopodium micranthum

Calamintha nepeta 1654.jpg|Clinopodium nepeta

Clinopodium serpyllifolium Habitus 2011-12-18 SierraMadrona.jpg|Clinopodium serpyllifolium

Clinopodium umbrosum (7782544696).jpg|Clinopodium umbrosum

References

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikispecies}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q164026}}

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Category:Lamiaceae genera

{{Lamiaceae-stub}}