Clinton Rickard#Legacy

Rickard was born 19 May 1882 on the Tuscarora Reservation in New York to George and Lucy Rickard{{cite web|author1=Nancy J. Nielsen|authorlink1=Reformers and Activists, American Indian Lives|title=Rickard, Clinton|url=http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=ind1117&DataType=Indian&WinType=Free|publisher=Facts On File, Inc.|accessdate=6 February 2015|date=1997}} "Clinton was one of ten soldiers detailed to protect Vice President Theodore Roosevelt on a visit to Buffalo in 1901. He later served with distinction in the US Cavalry during the Philippine insurrection after the Spanish–American War."

He became a farmer, and was described as "plain-spoken."{{Cite web

| last = Catapano

| first = Andrea Lucille

| title = The Rising of the Ongweh?nwe: Sovereignty, Identity, and Representation on the Six Nations Reserve: Dissertation

| work = Stony Brook University

| accessdate = 2013-05-18

| year = 2007

| url = http://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/bitstream/handle/1951/44779/100127322.sbu.pdf?sequence=1

}}

In 1926, Chief Clinton Rickards founded the Indian Defense League with Chief David Hill, Jr. and Sophie Martin.{{Cite web

| title = Niagara Falls Facts

| work = Niagara Falls State Park Information

| accessdate = 2013-05-18

| url = http://www.niagarafallsstatepark.com/amazing-facts.aspx

}}{{Cite news

| last = Kane

| first = Mark

| title = NIAGARA FALLS: Native American march marks milestone

| work = Tonawanda News

| location = Tonawanda, New York

| accessdate = 2013-05-18

| url = http://tonawanda-news.com/local/x681280145/NIAGARA-FALLS-Native-American-march-marks-milestone

| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130616094106/http://tonawanda-news.com/local/x681280145/NIAGARA-FALLS-Native-American-march-marks-milestone

| archive-date = 2013-06-16

| url-status = dead

}} The purpose of the League is "to promote unrestricted travel across the international border between the United States and Canada."{{Cite book

| edition = 3rd

| publisher = Facts on File

| isbn = 978-0-8160-6858-6

| last = Waldman

| first = Carl

| title = Atlas of the North American Indian

| location = New York

| year = 2009

| url-access = registration

| url = https://archive.org/details/atlasofnorthamer00wald

}} "Chief Rickard always preached the sovereignty of Indian nations as national entities apart from the United States or Canada. Focused on defending the border rights guaranteed by the Jay Treaty, Rickard always stood firm on the principle that all Six Nations Indians were citizens of their own nations."

"Chief Rickard started the annual border-crossing ceremony to certify rights of Indians to cross the border free from fees or obstruction from either Canadian or American governments."{{Cite news

| last = Kostoff

| first = Bob

| title = Local History: Bicentennial Book Details 200 years of Niagara's Past

| work = Niagara Falls Reporter Local History

| accessdate = 2013-05-18

| date = 2008-07-22

| url = http://www.niagarafallsreporter.com/kostoff167.html

}}

Deskaheh was influential in Rickard's commitment to the cause of free passage across the border.

While staying at Chief Rickard's house on the Tuscarora Reservation (in New York state) Deskaheh fell ill and sent for his traditional medicine man from the Six Nations Reserve in Canada. But the medicine man was not allowed across the border. The U.S. had just passed the Immigration Law of 1924, which denied entry to anyone who did not speak English ...

Although the measure was directed against Asians, covertly it allowed for the barring of North American Indians & thus the traditionally raised medicine man, who did not pass the English test since he only spoke his own language. He didn't make it to Deskaheh, who eventually died in Chief Rickard's house.

On his deathbed in June 1925, Deskaheh told Rickard to "Fight for the line". Later that summer during the Six Nations Chiefs Council National Picnic the chosen successors to Deskaheh's work were: Chauncey Garlow (Mohawk) Alexander J. General (Cayuga) Robert Henhawk (Onondaga) & Clinton Rickard (Tuscarora) & so he devoted his life to defending the right of free passage for Aboriginal people.{{Cite web

| title = They love everything about Indigenous Peoples, except the people

| work = Vancouver Media Co-op

| accessdate = 2013-05-18

| url = http://vancouver.mediacoop.ca/audio/2003

}}

In World War II, Rickard urged Native Americans volunteering to join the Armed Forces to do so as Native Americans, rather than as U.S. citizens:

"The Nationality Act, passed by Congress in 1940, not only conferred citizenship on American Indians (even though they had been granted citizenship in 1924), but required that Indian men register for the draft. Passage of the Act was opposed by the Indian Defense League of America. Tuscarora leader Clinton Rickard urged those who wished to volunteer for the armed services do so as alien non-residents."{{Cite web

| title = World War II & American Indians: The Draft

| work = Native American Netroots

| accessdate = 2013-05-18

| url = http://www.nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/603/world-war-ii-american-indians-the-draft

}}

"In 1958 the Power Authority of New York announced plans to flood approximately one-fifth of [the Tuscarora Reservation] ... Chief Clinton Rickard was one of the leaders in the ensuing demonstrations and legal battles, which the Tuscarorans eventually lost."{{Cite web

| title = Jolene Rickard's "Corn Blue Room" at Denver Art Museum

| work = Not Artomatic

| date = 12 September 2011

| accessdate = 2013-05-18

| url = https://notartomatic.wordpress.com/2011/09/11/jolene-rickards-corn-blue-room-at-denver-art-museum/

}}

He always wore "a buckskin suit and a large feather headdress through the 1960s when he attended public events."

“In 1930 a serious threat faced our Six Nations people in the form of the Snell Bill in Congress, which would give control of our Six Nations to New York State. We Indians have always feared being under the thumb of

the state rather than continuing our relationship with the federal government because it is a well-known fact that those white people who live closest to Indians are always the most prejudiced against them and the most desirous of obtaining their lands. We have always had a better chance of obtaining justice from Washington than from the state or local government. Also in turning us over to the state, the federal government would be downgrading our significance as a people and ignoring the fact that our treaties are with the United States.{{Cite web

| last = Leeka

| first = Justin

| title = Quotes of the Iroquois, 1941–1974

| accessdate = 2013-05-18

| url = https://dornsife.usc.edu/americanindian/documents/Research_Project_leeka_Iroquois_Quotes.pdf

}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

File:Niagara falls, park (cropped).jpg]]

A statue of Chief Clinton Rickard by Heinz Gaugel is located "near the Great Lakes Gardens in Niagara Falls State Park."{{Cite news|last=Hughes|first=Jean|date=May 1990|title=Amish, Mennonite History Portrayed on Anabaptist Cyclorama|pages=8–9,29|work=Holmes County Traveler}}{{Cite news|last=Locher|first=Paul|title=Heinz Gaugel added beauty to the world|work=The Daily Record}}

An audio clip of Chief Rickard speaking in the Tuscarora language, "On the enlistment of a group of Tuscarora soldiers," is available on the American Philosophical Society website.{{Cite web

| title = The enlistment in Philadelphia of a group of Tuscarora soldiers

| url = http://diglib.amphilsoc.org/islandora/object/audio:4143

}}

In December 1904, Rickard married Ivy {{cite book|last1=Rickard|first1=Clinton|editor-last=Graymont|editor-first=Barbara|title=Fighting Tuscarora : The Autobiography of Chief Clinton Rickard|date=1984|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|isbn=0-8156-0190-5|page=34|edition=1st pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpVYJ80Jru0C}} Onstott{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Neil A.|title=American Social Leaders and Activists|date=2002|publisher=Facts On File|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-4535-6|page=320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKxOpAh78IsC|accessdate=6 February 2015}} (19 November 1889 – 25 February 1913) with whom he had two children, Edith Leona Rickard Hill (23 October 1905 – 25 October 1970){{cite web|title=Edith Leona Hill|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K3D1-K6Z|website=familysearch.org|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|accessdate=6 February 2015}} and Herald (23 August 1909 – 25 March 1913).Rickard (1984), pp 40-41 In 1916, Clinton married his second wife, Elizabeth PattersonRickard (1984), pp 44-45 (9 January 1897 – 19 April 1929) and they had three sons: William C. Rickard (6 August 1918-September 18, 1964), Edwin Clarkson "Clark" Rickard (21 February 1921{{cite web|title=Clark Rickard|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VMK5-PZ4|website=Familysearch.org : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|publisher=United States Social Security Death Index|accessdate=6 February 2015}}-11 November 1995), and Ralph M. Rickard (14 April 1923 – 20 February 1924).

In 1931, Rickard married Beulah Mt. Pleasant (7 March 1911 – 30 December 1992) with whom he had eight children: Charles Curtis Rickard (1932–1945),Rickard (1984), p 117 Beverly Rickard Hill (28 February 1935 – 8 March 2010),{{cite web|title=Beverly Hill|url=http://www.rhoneyfuneralhome.com/obits/obituary.php?id=265344|publisher=Rhoney Funeral Home, Inc.|accessdate=6 February 2015}} Onalee Rickard Cooper (1936),{{cite news|title=Sharing Native American Heritage|url=http://www.ntid.rit.edu/spotlight/sharing-native-american-heritage|accessdate=6 February 2015|publisher=National Technical Institute for the Deaf|date=October 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101234014/http://www.ntid.rit.edu/spotlight/sharing-native-american-heritage|archive-date=1 November 2012|url-status=dead}} Enid Rickard (7 March 1940 – 27 March 2000), Norton E. Rickard (28 December 1942 – 13 October 2009),{{cite web|title=Norton E. Rickard|url=http://www.rhoneyfuneralhome.com/obits/obituary.php?id=265286|publisher=Rhoney Funeral Home, Inc|accessdate=6 February 2015}} Lois Rickard Henry (24 March 1945 – June 23, 2014),{{cite web|title=Lois (Rickard) Henry|url=http://www.rhoneyfuneralhome.com/obits/obituary.php?id=480143|publisher=Rhoney Funeral Home, Inc|accessdate=6 February 2015}} Eli Rickard and Karen Rickard Jacobson.

His son William and daughter Karen were active in protests from the late 1950s throughout the 1960s. Both participated in the American Indian Charter

Convention in Chicago in 1961 and Karen went later that summer to Gallup, New Mexico to help found the National Indian Youth Council.{{cite journal|last1=Pinkins|first1=Carlyn N.|title=One Nation, Separate Spheres: An Examination of Red Power Activism Between Two Mohawk Communities|journal=Electronic Theses & Dissertations. Paper 601|date=2011|pages=37–38|publisher=Georgia Southern University}} His daughter Onalee Cooper is an active advocate for hearing-impaired Native Americans. His daughter, Beverly Rickard Hill, and granddaughter, Jolene Rickard, have continued his work.{{Cite web

| title = Native American News: NIAGARA FALLS: Native American march marks milestone

| work = eCultural Resources

| accessdate = 2013-05-18

| date = 2007-07-21

| url = http://www.eculturalresources.com/news/990.html

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070728194034/http://eculturalresources.com/news/990.html

| url-status = usurped

| archive-date = July 28, 2007

}}{{Cite web

| last = Wanamaker

| first = Tom

| title = Indian law scholars comment on proposed passport regulations

| accessdate = 2017-05-06

| date = 2005-11-30

| url = https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/indian-law-scholars-comment-on-proposed-passport-regulations/

}}

• "Chief Rickard Dedicates Life to Cause of Indian," Niagara Falls Gazette, July 30, 1949

{{Commons category|Clinton Rickard}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100729000249/http://swcenter.fortlewis.edu/images/P003/P0033100102Page.htm Chief Clinton Rickard and the mayors of Niagara Falls], 1965 group portrait photo
• {{Cite web

| title = Chief Clinton Rickard, signed letter

| url = http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/chief-clinton-rickard-signed-letters-117446448

}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rickard, Clinton}}

Category:1882 births

Category:1971 deaths

Category:Tuscarora Nation of New York people

Category:Farmers from New York (state)

Category:People from Niagara County, New York

Category:Native American activists

Category:Activists from New York (state)