Clintonia

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = NLW_DeerLake2_tango7174.jpg

|image_caption = Fruits of Clintonia borealis

|image_upright = 1.2

|display_parents = 2

|taxon = Clintonia

|authority = Raf.

|synonyms=

Hylocharis Regel & Tiling
Xeniatrum Salisb.

|synonyms_ref =

}}

Clintonia is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family Liliaceae. Plants of the genus are distributed across the temperate regions of North America and eastern Asia, in the mesic understory of deciduous or coniferous forests.{{sfn|Hayashi et al|2001}} The genus, first described by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1818, was named for DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828), a naturalist and politician from the U.S. state of New York. For this reason, plants of the genus are commonly known as Clinton's lily. The common name bluebead (and by extension bluebead lily) refer to the distinctive fruit of members of the genus. Since fruit color varies somewhat across species, the common name bead lily is used as well.

Description

The genus Clintonia is morphologically diverse.{{sfn|Hayashi et al|2001}} Species are herbaceous perennial plants growing from rhizomatous underground stems with thin, fibrous roots. They grow from 1.5 to 8 dm tall. They have 2 to 6 basal leaves arising from the rhizome crown, the basal leaves are sessile and sheathing, and the cauline leaves have a stalk. The blade of each leaf has a prominent central vein and entire margins, and the bottom ends are obovate to oblanceolate in shape. The leaf apex is acute to abruptly short-acuminate, often mucronate (ending abruptly in a short sharp point). The inflorescences are terminal, and the flowers are arranged into short racemes or umbel-like clusters, with 1 to 45 flowers. The flowers have 6 tepals with nectaries present. The stamens are inserted at the base of the perianth, and the anthers are oblong-obovate to oblong-linear shaped. The rounded to cylinder shaped ovary is superior with two chambers (sometime three). Each chamber produces 2 to 10 ovules. The smooth fruits are berry-like, round to egg-shaped, metallic blue to black in color. Four to thirty seeds are produced in each fruit and the seeds are shiny brown, round and the ends are angled with 2 or 3 faces.{{sfn|Hayashi et al|2001}}

class="wikitable"
colspan="3" \| Identification Key
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" \| 1 \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" \| Inflorescence single-flowered \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" \| (5)
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" \| + \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" \| Inflorescence 3–45-flowered \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" \| (2)
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" \| 2 (1) \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" \| Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in one or more short, terminal racemes \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" \| (3)
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" \| + \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" \| Inflorescence 10–45-flowered, in one or more umbel-like clusters \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" \| (4)
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" \| 3 (2) \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" \| Inflorescence 3–8(–10)-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals yellow to yellowish green, 12–16 mm long; filaments 12–17.5 mm long; anthers 2–3.5 mm long; berries ultramarine blue, 8–16-seeded; eastern North America \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" \| Clintonia borealis
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" \| + \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" \| Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals white, sometimes bluish, 7–12 mm long; stamens 4–6(–8) mm long; berries blackish blue, many-seeded; eastern Asia \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" \| Clintonia udensis
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" \| 4 (2) \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" \| Inflorescence 20–45-flowered, in a terminal umbel-like cluster, usually with one or more lateral clusters; tepals claret red, 10–18 mm long; filaments 7–10 mm long; anthers 1.8–2.8 mm long; berries blue to bluish black, 10–30-seeded; California, Oregon \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" \| Clintonia andrewsiana
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" \| + \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" \| Inflorescence 10–25(–30)-flowered, in terminal umbel-like cluster (no lateral clusters); tepals white, often spotted purplish brown or green distally, 5.5–8 mm long; filaments 5.5–7 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries black, 2–4-seeded; eastern United States \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" \| Clintonia umbellulata
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" \| 5 (1) \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" \| Inflorescence single-flowered (occasionally 2–flowered); tepals creamy white, 18–25 mm long; filaments 11–18 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries deep lustrous blue, 10–18-seeded; western North America \| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" \| Clintonia uniflora

class="wikitable"

colspan="3" | Identification Key

style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" | 1

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" | Inflorescence single-flowered

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" | (5)

style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" | +

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" | Inflorescence 3–45-flowered

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" | (2)

style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" | 2 (1)

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" | Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in one or more short, terminal racemes

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" | (3)

style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" | +

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" | Inflorescence 10–45-flowered, in one or more umbel-like clusters

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" | (4)

style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" | 3 (2)

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" | Inflorescence 3–8(–10)-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals yellow to yellowish green, 12–16 mm long; filaments 12–17.5 mm long; anthers 2–3.5 mm long; berries ultramarine blue, 8–16-seeded; eastern North America

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" | Clintonia borealis

style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" | +

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" | Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals white, sometimes bluish, 7–12 mm long; stamens 4–6(–8) mm long; berries blackish blue, many-seeded; eastern Asia

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" | Clintonia udensis

style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" | 4 (2)

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" | Inflorescence 20–45-flowered, in a terminal umbel-like cluster, usually with one or more lateral clusters; tepals claret red, 10–18 mm long; filaments 7–10 mm long; anthers 1.8–2.8 mm long; berries blue to bluish black, 10–30-seeded; California, Oregon

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" | Clintonia andrewsiana

style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" | +

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" | Inflorescence 10–25(–30)-flowered, in terminal umbel-like cluster (no lateral clusters); tepals white, often spotted purplish brown or green distally, 5.5–8 mm long; filaments 5.5–7 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries black, 2–4-seeded; eastern United States

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" | Clintonia umbellulata

style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 3em;" | 5 (1)

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 40em;" | Inflorescence single-flowered (occasionally 2–flowered); tepals creamy white, 18–25 mm long; filaments 11–18 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries deep lustrous blue, 10–18-seeded; western North America

| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10em; white-space: nowrap;" | Clintonia uniflora

Taxonomy

{{As of|2020|August}}, Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts the following species in the genus Clintonia Raf.:

Image	Scientific name	Distribution
class="wikitable"
120px	Clintonia andrewsiana Torr.	West Coast of the United States in California and Oregon
120px	Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf.	eastern North America
120px	Clintonia udensis Trautv. & C.A.Mey.	Russian Far East to southeast Asia
120px	Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong	Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States
120px	Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth	western North America

POWO also accepts the infraspecies Clintonia udensis var. alpina (Kunth ex Baker) H.Hara but some authorities do not accept this name.

Molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrate two major disjunct clades, in eastern Asia and in North America respectively, and with the latter in East and in West. Within the family Liliaceae, Clintonia is a sister group to Medeola.{{sfn|Hayashi et al|2001}}

Distribution

There are five species of Clintonia, four in North America and one in Asia.

= North America =

Two species of Clintonia occur in western North America:

C. andrewsiana is localized along the West Coast of the United States, from central California to southwestern Oregon.
C. uniflora ranges from central California to southern Alaska, extending east into Alberta and Montana.

The remaining two species are found in eastern North America:

C. borealis is wide-ranging, from Newfoundland and Labrador to Manitoba, extending south across New England and the Great Lakes region into the Appalachian Mountains.
C. umbellulata is endemic to the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States.

== Canada ==

Alberta: C. uniflora
British Columbia: C. uniflora
Manitoba: C. borealis
New Brunswick: C. borealis
Newfoundland and Labrador: C. borealis
Nova Scotia: C. borealis
Ontario: C. borealis
Prince Edward Island: C. borealis
Quebec: C. borealis
Saskatchewan: none

The species C. borealis is also known to occur on the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, a French territory near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

== United States ==

Alabama: none
Alaska: C. uniflora
Arizona: none
Arkansas: none
California: C. andrewsiana, C. uniflora
Colorado: none
Connecticut: C. borealis
Delaware: none
District of Columbia: none
Florida: none
Georgia: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Hawaii: none
Idaho: C. uniflora
Illinois: C. borealis
Indiana: C. borealis
Iowa: none
Kansas: none
Kentucky: C. umbellulata
Louisiana: none
Maine: C. borealis
Maryland: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Massachusetts: C. borealis
Michigan: C. borealis
Minnesota: C. borealis
Mississippi: none
Missouri: none
Montana: C. uniflora
Nebraska: none
Nevada: none
New Hampshire: C. borealis
New Jersey: C. borealis
New Mexico: none
New York: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
North Carolina: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
North Dakota: none
Ohio: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Oklahoma: none
Oregon: C. andrewsiana, C. uniflora
Pennsylvania: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Rhode Island: C. borealis
South Carolina: C. umbellulata
South Dakota: none
Tennessee: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Texas: none
Utah: none
Vermont: C. borealis
Virginia: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Washington: C. uniflora
West Virginia: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Wisconsin: C. borealis
Wyoming: none

= Asia =

The species C. udensis is found in eastern Asia, from the Russian Far East to southeast Asia, extending from the Kuril Islands in the Pacific Ocean to the Western Himalaya region.

Ecology

Spring blooming.{{sfn|Hayashi et al|2001}}

Cultivation

Clintonia species are cultivated as garden subjects in shade gardens, grown for the glossy foliage, small lily-like flowers, and blue fruits, and their ability to live in heavy shade. They grow best in cool, organic-rich, acid soils that retain moisture and when grown well form dense slowly spreading clumps.{{cite book|author=William Cullina|title=The New England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81-9XHU9qi4C&pg=PA78|year=2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-395-96609-4|pages=78–}}

References

{{Reflist|40em|refs=

{{cite journal |last1=Rafinesque |first1=Constantine Samuel |authorlink1=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque |title=Flora Americae Septentrionalis, or a systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America by Frederick Pursh |journal=Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. |date=1818 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=170–176}}

{{eFloras |1 |107362 |Clintonia |volume=26 |last=Utech |first=Frederick H.}}

{{eFloras |1 |220003043 |Clintonia borealis |volume=26 |last=Utech |first=Frederick H.}}

{{eFloras |2 |107362 |Clintonia |volume=24 |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |last2=Tamura |first2=Minoru N.}}

{{cite book |last=Quattrocchi |first=Umberto |title=CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology |url={{Google books|YC_lAgAAQBAJ|page=PA1023|plainurl=yes}} |date=3 May 2012 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-8044-5 |page=1023}}

{{cite web |title=Clintonia Raf. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30082121-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=4 August 2020}}

{{cite web |title=Clintonia andrewsiana Torr. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:533155-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=5 August 2020}}

{{cite web |title=Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30082120-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=5 August 2020}}

{{cite web |title=Clintonia udensis Trautv. & C.A.Mey. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:533176-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=5 August 2020}}

{{cite web |title=Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:61217-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=5 August 2020}}

{{cite web |title=Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:533180-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=5 August 2020}}

{{cite web |title=Clintonia udensis var. alpina (Kunth ex Baker) H.Hara |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77188910-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=5 August 2020}}

{{cite journal |last1=Rafinesque |first1=Constantine Samuel |title=Clintonia borealis |journal=Atlantic Journal, and Friend of Knowledge |date=1832 |volume=1 |issue=3 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xA48AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA120 |accessdate=4 September 2020}}

{{cite web |last1=Meyer |first1=Rachelle S. |title=Clintonia uniflora |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/cliuni/all.html |website=Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory |accessdate=18 August 2020 |date=2005}}

{{PLANTS |symbol=CLINT |taxon=Clintonia |accessdate=27 September 2020}}

}}

Bibliography

{{cite journal |last1=Hayashi |first1=Kazuhiko |last2=Yoshida |first2=Seiji |last3=Utech |first3=Frederick H. |last4=Kawano |first4=Shoichi |title=Molecular systematics in the genus Clintonia and related taxa based on rbcL and matK gene sequence data |journal=Plant Species Biology |date=August 2001 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=119–137 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-1984.2001.00057.x|ref={{harvid|Hayashi et al|2001}}}}

External links

Category:Liliaceae genera

Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque

Clintonia

Description

Taxonomy

Distribution

= North America =

== Canada ==

== United States ==

= Asia =

Ecology

Cultivation

See also

References

Bibliography

External links