Closing credits
{{No footnotes|date=February 2025}}{{Short description|End list of cast and others linked with a film or video}}
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File:Example movie end credits.png
File:Big Buck Bunny - closing credits.webm animated film Big Buck Bunny]]
Closing credits, aka end credits or end titles, are a list of the cast and crew of a particular motion picture, television show, or video game. While opening credits appear at the beginning of a work, closing credits appear close to or at the very end of a work. A full set of credits can include not only the cast and crew, but also production sponsors, distribution companies, works of music licensed or written for the work, various legal disclaimers, such as copyright, and more.{{fact|date=March 2025}}
Appearance
Typically, the closing credits appear in white lettering on a solid black background, often with a musical background. Credits are either a series of static frames, or a single list that scrolls from the bottom of the screen to the top. Occasionally closing credits will divert from this standard form to scroll in another direction, include illustrations, extra scenes, bloopers, joke credits and post-credits scenes.{{fact|date=March 2025}}
History
The use of closing credits in film to list complete production crew and the cast was not firmly established in American film until the late 1960s and early 1970s. Films generally had opening credits only, which consisted of just major cast and crew, although sometimes the names of the cast and the characters they played would be shown at the end. Two of the first major films to contain extensive closing credits – but almost no opening credits – were the blockbusters Around the World in 80 Days (1956) and West Side Story (1961). West Side Story showed only the title at the beginning of the film, and Around the World in 80 Days had no opening credits at all.{{fact|date=March 2025}}
See also
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- {{annotated link|Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)|Acknowledgment}}
- {{annotated link|All persons fictitious disclaimer}}
- {{annotated link|Billing (performing arts)|Billing}}
- {{annotated link|Character generator}}
- {{annotated link|Credit (creative arts)|Credit}}
- {{annotated link|Digital on-screen graphic}}
- {{annotated link|Lower third}}
- {{annotated link|Opening credits}}
- {{annotated link|Post-credits scene}}
- {{annotated link|Title sequence}}
- {{annotated link|WGA screenwriting credit system}}
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References
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External links
- [https://www.bbc.co.uk/delivery/credits-branding-trademarks Credits, branding & trademarks guidelines] of the BBC
:* [http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/commissioning/site/Opening_and_closing_Credits.pdf Opening and Closing Credits] PDF
:* [http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/commissioning/site/Credit_Positioning.pdf Credit Positioning] PDF
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