Clytie (Oceanid)

Her name, spelled both Klytie and Klytia ({{lang|grc|Κλυτίη}}, {{lang|grc|Κλυτία}}), is derived from the ancient Greek adjective {{lang|grc|κλυτός}} ({{grc-transl|κλυτός}}), meaning "glorious" or "renowned".{{sfn|Liddell|Scott|1940|loc=s.v. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=kluto/s κλυτός]}} That word itself derives from the verb {{lang|grc|κλύω}}, meaning 'to hear, to understand', ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew-, which means 'to hear'.{{sfn|Beekes|2009|page=719}}

Although Ovid does not mention Clytie's parentage or homeland (if not Babylon), Hesiod includes her name in his list of the 3,000 Oceanids,{{sfn|Bane|2013|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffa0000bane/page/86/mode/2up?view=theater 87]}} daughters of the water deities Oceanus and Tethys, two of the original Titans.Hesiod, Theogony [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D337 346ff] Hyginus also gives her the same parentage.Hyginus, Fabulae [https://topostext.org/work/206#p.5 Preface] Clytie is thus also sister to the 3,000 river-gods. Neither Hesiod nor Hyginus mention the myth concerning Helios, but their figure seems to be identical to Ovid's.{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Brill's New Pauly | publisher = Brill Reference Online | url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/clytia-clytie-e617370 | doi = 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e617370 | last = Waldner | first = Katharina | location = Berlin | title = Clytia, Clytie | date = 2006 | editor-first1 = Hubert | editor-last1 = Cancik | editor-first2 = Helmuth | editor-last2 = Schneider | translator = Christine F. Salazar | access-date = September 18, 2023}}

In another narrative that takes place in Boeotia, Clytie is identified as Leucothoe's own sister, and daughter of King Orchomenus, although not by name.

Image:Clytie.jpg, modeled 1865–1867, carved 1873.]]

Ovid's account of the story is the fullest and most detailed of the surviving ones. According to him, Clytie was a lover of the god of the sun Helios, until Aphrodite made him fall in love with a Persian mortal princess called Leucothoe, in revenge for him informing her husband Hephaestus of her illicit affair with his brother Ares, the god of war.Ovid, Metamorphoses [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL042.191.xml 4.190–193] Helios then ceased to care for her, as well as all the other goddesses and nymphs he had loved before, like Rhodos, Perse and Clymene. He abandoned her and preferred to spend his days admiring the princess Leucothoe.{{sfn|Seyffert|1901|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/b3135841x/page/144/mode/2up?view=theater Clytia]}}{{sfn|Grimal|1987|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00grim/page/102/mode/2up? Clytia]}} Though scorned and deserted, she still sought out his love and warmth. Angered by his treatment of her, and still missing him, she informed Leucothoe's strict father, King Orchamus, about the affair. Since Helios had defiled Leucothoe, Orchamus had her put to death by burial alive in the sands despite the girl's protest and proclaiming of her innocence.{{sfn|Bell|1991|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/136/mode/2up?view=theater Clytie (5)]}} Helios arrived too late to save the girl, but he did make sure to turn her into a frankincense tree by pouring nectar over her dead body, so that she would still breathe air (in a certain fashion).{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA45 45]}} Ovid seems to think that Helios bears some responsibility over Clytie's excessive jealousy because he writes that Helios's passion was never "moderate" when he loved her.{{sfn|Chalkomatas|2022|page=95}}

File:The nymph klytie transforming into a sunflower as the sun god drives his chariot above, engraving by abraham diepenbeeck for the metamorphoses book by ovid, in a greek language copy.jpg.]]

Clytie intended to win Helios back by taking away his new love, but her plan backfired on her, and her actions only hardened his heart against her.{{sfn|Parada|1993|loc=s.v. Leucothoe 2}} Thereafter Helios avoided her altogether, never going back to her.{{sfn|March|1998|loc=s.v. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nZnwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT343 Helios]}} In despair, she stripped herself and sat naked, accepting neither food nor drink, for nine days on the rocks, staring at the Sun and mourning his departure, but he never looked back at her.{{sfn|Berens|1880|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_NcDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA63 63]}} After nine days she was eventually transformed into a purple flower, the heliotrope (meaning "sun-turning"Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette: [https://archive.org/details/BaillyDictionnaireGrecFrancais/page/n897/mode/1up?view=theater ἡλιοτρόπιον]).{{cite web | first = M. Rosemary | last = Wright | title = A Dictionary of Classical Mythology: Summary of Transformations | website = mythandreligion.upatras.gr | url = http://mythandreligion.upatras.gr/english/m-r-wright-a-dictionary-of-classical-mythology/ | access-date = January 3, 2023 | publisher = University of Patras}} Also known as the turnsole, it is known for growing on sunny, rocky hillsides.Scholia on in Ovid Metamorphoses 4.267{{sfn|Forbes Irving|1990|page=266}} The flower turns its head always to look longingly at Helios the Sun as he passes through the sky in his solar chariot, even though he no longer cares for her, her form much changed, her love for him unchanged.Ovid, Metamorphoses [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL042.193.xml 4.194–270]{{sfn|Tripp|1970|loc=s.v. Helius B}}

File:Clytie-DelaFosse-Trianon.jpg, oil on canvas, 1688]]

The episode is most fully told by Roman poet Ovid in his first-century AD poem the Metamorphoses; Ovid's version is the only full surviving narrative of this story, but he must had had a Greek original source, for the myth's origins and plot lie in the etymology of the flower's Greek name.{{sfn|Forbes Irving|1990|page=266}} According to Lactantius Placidus, he got this myth from seventh or sixth century BC Greek author Hesiod.Lactantius Placidus, Argumenta [https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=oDRdAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA18&hl=el 4.5] Some scholars however doubt this particular attribution to Hesiod.{{sfn|Gantz|1993|page=[https://archive.org/details/earlygreekmythgu0001gant/page/34/mode/2up?view=theater 34]}} Like Ovid, Lactantius does not explain how Clytie knew about Helios and Leucothoe, or how Helios knew it was Clytie who had informed Orchamus. It is possible that originally the stories of Leucothoe and Clytie were two distinct ones before they were combined along with a third story, that of Ares and Aphrodite's affair being discovered by Helios who then informed Hephaestus, into a single one either by Ovid or Ovid's source.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1968|pages=20–38}}

One of the ancient paradoxographers identifies the girl who betrayed the secret as Leucothoe's sister instead, and their father's name as Orchomenus, but gives her neither a name nor a motivation behind her actions;Paradoxographers anonymous, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eTUOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA222 222] the mother of the two girls similarly goes unnamed (Eurynome in Ovid), perhaps as a consequence of anonymous' abridged narrative.{{sfn|Cameron|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A3H_51913RkC&pg=PA290 290]}}{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA45 45]}} Orchomenus is also the name of a town in Boeotia, implying that this version of the story took place there rather than Persia. Pliny the Elder wrote that:

I have spoken more than once of the marvel of heliotropium, which turns round with the sun even on a cloudy day, so great a love it has for that, luminary. At night it closes its blue flower as though it mourned.

Edith Hamilton notes that Clytie's case is unique in Greek mythology, as instead of the typical lovesick god being in love with an unwilling maiden, it is a maiden who is in love with an unwilling god.{{sfn|Hamilton|2012|page =[https://books.google.com/books?id=oZU3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT275 275]}}

Similar to the story of Daphne used as an explanation for the plant's prominence in worship, Clytie' story might have been used for similar purposes in connecting the flower she turned into, the heliotrope, to Helios.{{sfn|Κακριδής|Ρούσσος|Παπαχατζής|Καμαρέττα|1986|page=228}}

An ancient scholiast wrote that the heliotropium that Clytie was turned into was the first preservation of the love for the god.Scholia on Ovid's Metamorphoses [https://books.google.com/books?id=TSc_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA259 4.256]{{sfn|Cameron|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A3H_51913RkC&pg=PA8 8]}}

File:Amiens, musée de Picardie, Clytie par Joseph-Stanislas Lescorné (1848) 02.jpg (1799-1872), Musée de Picardie in Amiens.]]

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Modern traditions substitute the purple{{efn|In fact, Ovid does not name the flower Clytie turned into, but explicitly describes it as violet in colour.}} turnsole with a yellow sunflower, which according to (incorrect) folk wisdom turns in the direction of the sun.{{sfn|Folkard|1884|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L30DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA366 336]}} The original French form tournesol primarily refers to sunflower, while the English turnsole is primarily used for heliotrope. Sunflowers however are native to North America,{{cite web | website = plants.usda.gov | title = Helianthus annuus L. | author = USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team | url = https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=HEAN3 | access-date = September 1, 2023 | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture}}{{cite web | url = http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024005 | website = efloras.org | title = Helianthus annuus Linnaeus | access-date = September 18, 2023}} and were not found in antiquity in either Greece or Italy, making it impossible for ancient Greek and Roman authors to have included them in their etiological myths, as sunflowers were not part of their native flora and they would have not known about them and their sun-turning properties.

It has also been noted that the heliotropium itself poses some difficulties for identification with Clytie's flower; heliotropium arborescens, which is the vivid purple variant, is not native to Europe either, instead coming from the Americas just like the aforementioned sunflower. Native variants of heliotropium or other flowers called "heliotrope" are also the wrong colour, either white (heliotropium supinum) or yellow (vilossum), when Ovid described it as "like a violet" and Pliny "blue".Pliny, Natural History [https://topostext.org/work/153#22.29.1 22.29.1]{{sfn|Bright|2021|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CcNSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 96-97]}} Both however lived in the post-Hellenistic period after the conquests of Alexander the Great, and could have been aware of the heliotropium indicum, a variant that can have a purplish or bluish corolla.{{sfn|McMullen|1999|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MFpuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]}} Moreover, even heliotropium europaeum, a variant native in Europe which is normally white in colour, can have pale lilac flowers.{{sfn|Giesecke|2014|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AUgkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 122]}}

Much like with Phaethon, another ancient myth featuring Helios, some modern retellings connect Clytie and her story to Apollo, the god of light, but the myth as attested in classical sources does not actually concern him;{{sfn|MacDonald Kirkwood|2000|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OkUGQeGGn7IC&pg=PA13 13]}} Ovid identifies twice the god Clytie fell in love with as Hyperione natus/e (the son of Hyperion), and like other Roman authors does not conflate in his poem the two gods, who remain distinct in myth.{{cite journal | last = Grummel | first = William C. | title = CLYTIE AND SOL | journal = The Classical Outlook | volume = 30 | number = 2 | date = 1952 | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/43929084 | pages = 19–19 | access-date = January 3, 2025 | jstor = 43929084}} Clytie's lover whom she was jilted by is also connected to the story of Phaethon, as the boy's father, a distinctly solar but non-Apolline figure, who in turn is not a sun god or given any solar characteristics as far as Ovid is concerned.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1968|pages=20–38}} Joseph Fontenrose argued that despite Ovid's works being largely responsible for the prevalence of the two gods being the same one in post-classical times, he himself did not actually identify them in either the story of Phaethon or the story of Leucothoe and Clytie.{{cite journal | author-link = Joseph Fontenrose | last = Fontenrose | first = Joseph E. | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/291381 | jstor = 291381 | title = Apollo and the Sun-God in Ovid | journal = The American Journal of Philology | volume = 61 | number = 4 | date = 1940 | doi = 10.2307/291381 | access-date = January 3, 2025 | pages = 429–44}}

File:Zoffani, Johann - Charles Towneley in his Sculpture Gallery - 1782.jpg

One sculpture of Clytie, found in the collection of Charles Townley, might be either a Roman work, or an eighteenth century "fake".[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/m/marble_bust_of_clytie.aspx Trustees of the British Museum – Marble bust of 'Clytie'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203053453/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/m/marble_bust_of_clytie.aspx |date=2012-02-03 }}

The bust was created between 40 and 50 AD. Townley acquired it from the family of the principe Laurenzano in Naples during his extended second Grand Tour of Italy (1771–1774); the Laurenzano insisted it had been found locally. It remained a favorite both with him (it figures prominently in Johann Zoffany's iconic painting of Townley's library (illustration, right), was one of three ancient marbles Townley had reproduced on his visiting card, and was apocryphally the one which he wished he could carry with him when his house was torched in the Gordon Riots – apocryphal since the bust is in fact far too heavy for that) and with the public (Joseph Nollekens is said to have always had a marble copy of it in stock for his customers to purchase, and in the late 19th century Parian ware copies were all the rage.[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/p/parian_bust_of_clytie.aspx Trustees of the British Museum – Parian bust of Clytie] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194632/http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/p/parian_bust_of_clytie.aspx |date=2007-09-27 }}

The identity of the subject, a woman emerging from a calyx of leaves, was much discussed among the antiquaries in Townley's circle. At first referred to as Agrippina, and later called by Townley Isis in a lotus flower, it is now accepted as Clytie. Some modern scholars even claim the bust is of eighteenth century date, though most now think it is an ancient work showing Antonia Minor or a contemporaneous Roman lady in the guise of Ariadne.

File:Songs of Innocence and of Experience, copy AA, 1826 (The Fitzwilliam Museum) object 43 My Pretty Rose Tree.jpg, now in the Fitzwilliam Museum]]

Another famous bust of Clytie was by George Frederick Watts.[http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/watts/1.html The Victorian Web – Clytie George Frederick Watts, R.A., 1817–1904] Instead of Townley's serene Clytie, Watts's is straining, looking round at the sun.

Clytie is briefly alluded to in Thomas Hood's poem Flowers, in the lines "I will not have the mad Clytie,/Whose head is turned by the sun;".{{sfn|Bulfinch|2000|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6WPcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 83]}} William Blake's poem Ah! Sun-flower has been suggested to allude to the myth of Clytie.{{sfn|Keith|1966|page=[https://archive.org/details/blakecollectiono00frye/page/56/mode/2up?view=theater 57]}}

{{blockquote|

Ah Sun-flower! weary of time,

Who countest the steps of the Sun:

Seeking after that sweet golden clime

Where the travellers journey is done.

Where the Youth pined away with desire,

And the pale Virgin shrouded in snow:

Arise from their graves and aspire,

Where my Sun-flower wishes to go.{{cite book |last = Blake | first = William | author-link = William Blake | title=The complete poetry and prose of William Blake | edition = David V. Erdman | year = 1988 | publisher = Doubleday | location = New York | isbn = 9780385152136 | pages = xxvi,990. Commentary by Harold Bloom. p. 25 | url = https://archive.org/details/completepoetrypr00blak | url-access = registration}}}}

The sunflower (which was not Clytie's original flower) ever since her myth, has "been an emblem of the faithful subject", in three or four ways: the "image of a soul devoted to the god or God, originally a Platonic concept", as "an image of the Virgin devoted to Christ"; or "an image - in the strictly Ovidian sense - of the lover devoted to the beloved".{{cite journal| last= Bruyn | first=J. | author2 = Emmens, J. A. | title = The Sunflower again | journal = The Burlington Magazine | date = March 1957 | volume=99 | issue=648 |pages = 96–97 | jstor = 872153}} Northrop Frye claimed that Clytie's metamorphosis tale is at the 'core' of the poem.{{sfn|Keith|1966|page=[https://archive.org/details/blakecollectiono00frye/page/58/mode/2up?view=theater 59]}}

File:Leighton, Frederic - Clytie - 1895–1896.jpg|Clytie, by Frederic Leighton

File:Hawkins, Louis Welden - Clytie.jpg|Clytie, by Louis Welden Hawkins.

File:Colombel - Clytia.jpg|Clytie looking up by Nicolas Colombel

File:Klytia von Johannes Benk um 1888 Burgtheater.jpg|Statue of Clytie by Johannes Benk, Austrian Theatre Museum.

File:'Clytie and Cupid' by a follower of Annibale Carracci, Cincinnati.JPG|Clytie and Cupid, by a follower of Annibale Carracci.

File:Villa Durazzo Centurione-statua Clizia.jpg|Statue of Clytie in Villa Durazzo Centurione, Italy.

File:Heliotropium europaeum-3.jpg|Heliotropium europaeum with lilac blossoms.

{{chart top|Clytie's family tree according to HesiodHesiod, Theogony [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132 132–138], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 337–411], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453 453–520], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901 901–906, 915–920]; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.|collapsed=no}}

{{chart/start}}

{{chart|}}

{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |URA |y|GAI |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|y|PON|URA=Uranus|GAI=Gaia|PON=Pontus}}

{{chart|,|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!}}

{{chart|!|OCE |y|TET | | | |HYP |y|THE | | | | |CRI |y|EUR|OCE=Oceanus|TET=Tethys|HYP=Hyperion|THE=Theia|CRI=Crius|EUR=Eurybia}}

{{chart|!| |,|-|+|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.}}

{{chart|!|RIV |!|CLY | |HEL | |SEL | |EOS | |AST | |PAL | |PER |RIV=The Rivers|CLY=CLYTIE|HEL=Helios|SEL=SeleneAlthough usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in Hesiod, Theogony [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+371 371–374], in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138 99–100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.|EOS=Eos|AST=Astraeus|PAL=Pallas|PER=Perses}}

{{chart|!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{chart|!| | |OCE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OCE=The Oceanids}}

{{chart|)|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}

{{chart|!| | | | |CRO |y|RHE | | | | | | | |COE |y|PHO | | |COE=Coeus|PHO=Phoebe|CRO=Cronus|RHE=Rhea}}

{{chart|!| |,|-|v|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|v|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | }}

{{chart|!|HES |!|HER | |HAD |!|ZEU | | | |LET | |AST | |HES=Hestia|HER=Hera|HAD=Hades|ZEU=Zeus|LET=Leto|AST=Asteria}}

{{chart|!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{chart|!| | |DEM | | | | | |POS | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DEM=Demeter|POS=Poseidon}}

{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{chart|`|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}

{{chart| | | | |IAP |y|CLY | | | | | |MNE |~|y|~|ZEU |~|y|~|THE |IAP=Iapetus|CLY=Clymene (or Asia)According to Hesiod, Theogony [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507 507–511], Clymene, one of the Oceanids, the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at Hesiod, Theogony [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1.2.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.|MNE=Mnemosyne|ZEU=(Zeus)|THE=Themis}}

{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |!| | | | | |!}}

{{chart|ATL | |MEN | |PRO | |EPI | | | | |MUS | | | |HOR |ATL=AtlasAccording to Plato, Critias, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d 113d–114a], Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito.|MEN=Menoetius|PRO=PrometheusIn Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444–445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446–447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538–539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.|EPI=Epimetheus|MUS=The Muses|HOR=The Horae}}

{{chart/end}}

{{chart bottom}}

{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Mythology|Religion|Ancient Rome}}

• 73 Klytia, a main-belt asteroid named after this nymph.
• Smilax, another nymph transformed into a plant over love.
• Mecon, a goddess' lover who was transformed into a flower.
• Psalacantha, another nymph transformed into a flower for trying to separate a god from his mortal lover.
• Heliotrope (color), a shade of purple
• Acantha

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
• Hyginus, Gaius Julius, [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html The Myths of Hyginus]. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
• Lateinische Mythographen: Lactantius Placidus, Argumente der Metamorphosen Ovids, erstes heft, Dr. B. Bunte, Bremen, 1852, J. Kühtmann & Comp.
• Paradoxographoe, by Anton Westermann, Harvard College Library, 1839, London.
• Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Books 1-11, translated by John Bostock (1773-1846), M.D., F.R.S. Henry T. Riley (1816-1878), Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, first published 1855. [https://topostext.org/work/148 Online text available at topos.text].
• Publii Ovidii Nasonis Opera omnia: IV. voluminibus comprehensa : cum integris Jacobi Micylli, Herculis Ciofani, et Danielis Heinsii notis, et Nicolai Heinsii curis secundis, et aliorum singulas partes, partim integris, parti excerptis, adnotationibus, vol. II. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TSc_AAAAcAAJ Google books].
• Ovid, Metamorphoses, Volume I: Books 1-8. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library No. 42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977, first published 1916. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99046-3}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL042/1916/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{Cite book | last = Bane | first = Theresa | title = Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology | publisher = McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers | year = 2013 | isbn = 9780786471119 | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffa0000bane/}}
• {{cite book | author-link = Robert S. P. Beekes | last = Beekes | first = R. S. P. | title = Etymological Dictionary of Greek | location = Leiden, the Netherlands | publisher = Brill Publications | date = 2009 | volume = 1 | isbn = 978-90-04-17420-7 | series = Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series | editor = Lucien van Beek}}
• {{cite book | last = Bell | first = Robert E. | title = Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary | publisher = ABC-Clio | date = 1991 | isbn = 9780874365818 | url = https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/mode/2up?view=theater}}
• {{cite book | last = Berens | first = E. M. | title = The Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome | publisher = Blackie & Son, Old Bailey, E.C.. | location = Glasgow, Endinburgh and Dublin | date = 1880 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_NcDAAAAQAAJ}}
• {{cite book| first1 = Henry Arthur | last1 = Bright | date = 2021 | title = A Year in a Lancashire Garden | isbn = 9785040620067 | publisher = Litres}}
• {{cite book | author-link = Thomas Bulfinch | last = Bulfinch | first = Thomas | title = Greek and Roman Mythology: The Age of Fable | publisher = Dover Publications | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-486-41107-1}}
• {{cite book | last = Comte | first = Fernand | title = Mythology | date = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/mythology0000comt/ | location = London, NYC, Toronto | isbn = 0-550-17000-6 | publisher = Chambers Ltd | translator = W & R Chambers}}
• {{cite book | last = Cameron | first = Alan | title = Greek Mythography in the Roman World | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-19-517121-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A3H_51913RkC}}
• {{cite book | last = Chalkomatas | first = Dionysios | date = April 2022 | title = Οβίδιος Μεταμορφώσεις, Βιβλία I-XV: Εισαγωγή-Μετάφραση-Σχόλια-Ευρετήριο | trans-title = Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books I-XV: Introduction-Translation-Commentary-Index | language = Greek | location = Thessaloniki | publisher = Stamoulis | isbn = 978-960-656-093-4}}
• {{cite journal | author-link = Joseph Fontenrose | last = Fontenrose | first = Joseph Eddy | title = The Gods Invoked in Epic Oaths: Aeneid, XII, 175-215 | journal = The American Journal of Philology | volume = 89 | number = 1 | date = 1968 | pages = 20–38 | doi = 10.2307/293372| jstor = 293372 }}
• {{cite book | last = Folkard | first = Richard | date = 1884 | title = Plant Lore, Legends, and Lyrics: Embracing the Myths, Traditions, Superstitions, and Folk-Lore of the Plant Kingdom | publisher = Folkard & Son | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MzslAQAAMAAJ | location = Michigan}}
• {{cite book | title = Metamorphosis in Greek Myths | first = Paul M. C. | last = Forbes Irving | publisher = Clarendon Press | date = 1990 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=URvXAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 0-19-814730-9}}
• {{cite book | author-link = Timothy Gantz | last = Gantz | first = Timothy | title = Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | date = 1993 | volume = 1 | url = https://archive.org/details/earlygreekmythgu0001gant/ | isbn = 978-0-8018-5360-9}}
• {{cite book | last1 = Giesecke | first1 = Annette | title = The Mythology of Plants: Botanical Lore from Ancient Greece and Rome | publisher = Getty Publications | date = 2014 | isbn = 978-1606063217 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AUgkBAAAQBAJ}}
• {{cite book | author-link = Pierre Grimal | last = Grimal | first = Pierre | title = The Dictionary of Classical Mythology | date = 1987 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = 0-631-13209-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas00grim/mode/2up?view=theater | location = New York, USA | translator = A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop}}
• {{cite book | title = Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes | first1 = Edith | last1 = Hamilton | author-link = Edith Hamilton | publisher = Hachette | location = London | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-316-03216-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oZU3AQAAQBAJ}}
• {{cite book | last = Hard | first = Robin | title = The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology" | publisher = Psychology Press | date = 2004 | isbn = 9780415186360 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC}}
• {{cite book | last = Keith | first = William J. | date = 1966 | chapter = The complexities of Blake's "Sunflower" : an archetypal speculation | editor = Northrop Frye | title = Blake: a collection of critical essays | publisher = Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall}}
• {{cite book | first1 = Henry George | last1 = Liddell | first2 = Robert | last2 = Scott | title = A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie | location = Oxford | publisher = Clarendon Press | date = 1940 | author1-link = Henry Liddell | author2-link = Robert Scott (philologist)}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057 Online version at Perseus.tufts project.]
• {{cite book | first1 = Conley K. | last1 = McMullen | date = 1999 | title = Flowering Plants of the Galápagos | publisher = Comstock Publishing Associates | isbn = 0-8014-3710-5}}
• {{cite book | last = MacDonald Kirkwood | first = Gordon | title = A Short Guide to Classical Mythology | publisher = Cornell University, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. | isbn = 0-86516-309-X | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OkUGQeGGn7IC | date = 2000}}
• {{cite book | last = March | first = Jennifer R. | title = Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Illustrations by Neil Barrett | publisher = Cassel & Co. | date = 1998 | isbn = 978-1-78297-635-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nZnwAwAAQBAJ}}
• {{cite book | last = Parada | first = Carlos | title = Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology | publisher = Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag | date = 1993 | isbn = 978-91-7081-062-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MOcoAAAAYAAJ}}
• {{cite book | last = Seyffert | first = Oskar | title = A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art | publisher = S. Sonnenschein | date = 1901}}
• {{cite book | last = Tripp | first = Edward | title = Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology | publisher = Thomas Y. Crowell Co | edition = 1 | date = June 1970 | isbn = 069022608X}}
• {{cite book | title = Ελληνική Μυθολογία: Οι Θεοί, τόμος 1, μέρος Β΄| page = 228 | publisher = Εκδοτική Αθηνών | first1 = Ιωάννης Θ. | last1 = Κακριδής | author-link1 = Ioannis Kakridis | first2 = Ε. Ν.| last2 = Ρούσσος | first3 = Νικόλαος | last3 = Παπαχατζής |first4= Αικατερίνη |last4 = Καμαρέττα | first5 = Αριστόξενος Δ. | last5 = Σκιαδάς | date = 1986 | location = Athens | isbn = 978-618-5129-48-4}}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• Images of Clytie in the [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000126 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database]
• [https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NympheKlytie.html CLYTIE from The Theoi Project]
• [https://www.theoi.com/Flora1.html PLANTS & FLOWERS OF GREEK MYTHOLOGY on the Theoi Project]

{{Greek mythology (deities)}}

{{Metamorphoses in Greek mythology}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Oceanids

Category:Metamorphoses characters

Category:Women of Helios

Category:Archaeological discoveries in Italy

Category:Townley collection

Category:Love stories

Category:Helios in mythology

Category:Mythological Boeotians

Category:Metamorphoses into flowers in Greek mythology

Category:Heliotropium

Category:Princesses in Greek mythology