Coalbrook mining disaster

The production at the mine had increased from 134,230 tons per year in 1954 to 2,260,660 tons per year by 1958, in response to the newly built Taaibos power station at Kragbron.{{cite web | url=http://www.mullersgazette.co.za/Coalbrook.html | title=Coalbrook | accessdate=2 April 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325074843/http://www.mullersgazette.co.za/Coalbrook.html | archivedate=25 March 2015 }}

The accident was caused by cascading pillar failure{{cite web | url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-223X2011001200010&script=sci_arttext | title=The design of stable pillars in the Bushveld Complex mines: a problem solved? | publisher=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy | date=December 2011 | accessdate=2 April 2015 | author1=Malan, D.F. | author2=Napier, J.A.L. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095357/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-223X2011001200010&script=sci_arttext | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead }} where a few pillars fail initially and this increases the load on the adjacent pillars causing them to fail. This cascading failure caused pillar collapse over an area covering 324 hectares.

Factors contributing to the collapse included the process of top coaling which raised the height of the tunnels and pillar and panel mining reducing the size of structures holding up the tunnel roof.{{cite journal | url=http://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v106n12p857.pdf | title=Beyond Coalbrook: what did we really learn? | author=van der Merwe, J.N. | journal=The Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |date=December 2006 | volume=106 | pages=857–868}}

Top coaling began as a method of increasing production in areas that had already been mined. In 1932 the tunnels were 2.4 m high, in 1948 some top coaling was done to raise the height to 3.7 m, but the coal yielded was a poor grade and the practice stopped. In 1951 top coaling began once again as a new electricity power station had been built and it was able to use lower grade coal. The roof height was raised to 4.3 m and 5.5 m in places, and by 1957 top coaling was a significant contributor to production.

Some time between 1957 and 1959 experimental secondary mining was done in No.10 section to recover coal from a mined out area of the mine. Top coaling raised the roof height to between 4.3 and 6.1 m. On 28 December 1959 a collapse occurred in the northern part of the section 10 mine, an area where most of the top coaling experiments were done.

That collapse was stopped from spreading by a barrier wall to the south end of section 10. This incident did not affect coal extraction from the south. However, it did go unreported to mining inspectors.

It is reported that in the afternoon of 21 January 1960 miners who were operating in the western part of the section 10 mine heard loud noises that were trailed by a strong blast wind that was coming from the south east section.

The tunnels in the mine were between 6.1 and 6.7 metres wide. Pillars and panels of coal were left between the tunnels to keep the mine roof from collapsing.

• In 1905 the centres of the barriers and the pillars were 24.4 m apart
• From 1932 the pillars were mined to 19.8 m and barriers to 18.3 m.
• From 1943 the pillars were reduced to 18.3 m and the barriers 12.2 m (still separated by tunnels 6.1 to 6.7 m in width)

In this time "dummies" of 4 metres wide and 2 metres deep were mined out of the barriers, and in some cases up to four sides of the pillars too, to yield additional coal.

File:Coalbrook monument (cropped).png

With too much methane and carbon monoxide in the mine for any rescue team to penetrate the South East of section 10, one of the solutions was to drill from the surface all the way down into the entombed shaft. A sophisticated new drill rig at the time was used, but the drill bits wore down as they encountered hard lava rock.

In the months following the disaster, four different inquiries were launched under the Mines and Works Act of 1956, with the third one being a judicial inquest. The inquests found that the deaths occurred as a result of the subsidence of the mine itself. They also revealed that the collapse of 28 December was not reported to mining inspectors, as was mandatory.

Following the disaster, the South African government established Coal Mines Research Controlling Council to improve coal mine safety and research pillar strength, supported by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and the Chamber of Mines Research Organization.

File:Coalbrook Mine Disaster Memorial 01.jpg

The South African Chamber of Mines obtained rescue equipment to reach men trapped underground in coal mines. Similar equipment was used to rescue trapped Chilean miners in 2010.

The disaster prompted the government to set up the National Mine Disaster Fund. With segregation being a policy of governance for the Apartheid regime, the Workmen Compensation Act entitled a white widow to her deceased husband’s pension fund, while a black widow was only granted a lump sum from the mining company. Of the miners killed, six were white South Africans, while half of the remainder were black miners from the then British High Commission Territory of Basutoland, and a little under half of the others were black miners came from Portuguese East Africa.

File:Coalbrook Mine Disaster Commemoration 04.jpg

The first commemorations of the disater took place in January 2000 when a Taiwanese businessman, Richard Hse who bought the area where the mine compound is, organized a commemorative event.{{Cite web |title=Monument pays tribute to miners |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/monument-pays-tribute-to-miners-20001104#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=News24 |language=en-US}} Since then, no official commemoration has been held by the South African government.In 2017, the Mine Health and Safety Council (MHSC) and other stakeholder groups involved promoted the construction and installation of a tribute memorial and plaque at the site.{{Cite web |title=Appointment of a service for the construction and installation of a tribute memorial and plaque in commemoration of coal brook mining disaster in free state – MHSC |url=https://mhsc.org.za/tenders/appointment-of-a-service-for-the-construction-and-installation-of-a-tribute-memorial-and-plaque-in-commemoration-of-coal-brook-mining-disaster-in-free-state/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US}}Little is known about the status of other plans to have a museum and information center built in order to make the location a tourist destination in the area. On January 21 ,2025 the community of Zamdela ,Sasolburg led by Kedibone Motlhasedi organized the first commemorations to have the MEC of the Free State Sports, Arts, Culture, and Recreation: Ms Zanele Sifuba. The site is being declared a heritage site.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkID-UG8tGw |title=Coalbrook mine disaster victims remembered |date=2025-01-21 |last=SABC News |access-date=2025-01-23 |via=YouTube}}

An Afrikaner band, Die Briels recorded and released a song in 1961 called "Die Mynerslied" for the miners.{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=Luister: Mini-dokumentêr vier Briels |url=https://maroelamedia.co.za/vermaak/musiek/luister-mini-dokumenter-vier-briels/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Maroela Media |language=af}}

{{reflist}}

{{commons category-inline}}

{{coord|26.8531|S|27.8790|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

Category:Coal mining disasters in South Africa

Category:1960 mining disasters

Category:1960 disasters in South Africa

Category:January 1960 in Africa