Colocalization

The ability to demonstrate a correlation between a pair of bio-molecules was greatly enhanced by Erik Manders of the University of Amsterdam who introduced Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) to microscopists,Manders et al (1992). "Dynamics of three-dimensional replication patterns during the S-phase, analysed by double labelling of DNA and confocal microscopy." [http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/103/3/857] along with other coefficients of which the "overlap coefficients" M1 and M2 have proved to be the most popular and useful.{{cite journal | last1 = Manders |display-authors=et al | year = 1993 | title = Measurement of co-localisation of objects in dual-colour confocal images | journal = Journal of Microscopy | volume = 169 | issue = 3| pages = 375–382 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2818.1993.tb03313.x|pmid=33930978 |s2cid=95098323 }}Zinchuk V et al (2007). "Quantitative colocalization analysis of multicolor confocal immunofluorescence microscopy images: pushing pixels to explore biological phenomena". [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1993886/ Acta Histochem Cytochem 40:101-111.] The purpose of using coefficients is to characterize the degree of overlap between images, usually two channels in a multidimensional microscopy image recorded at different emission wavelengths. A popular approach was introduced by Sylvain Costes, who utilized Pearson's correlation coefficient as a tool for setting the thresholds required by M1 and M2 in an objective fashion.Costes et al (2004) "Automatic and Quantitative Measurement of Protein-Protein Colocalization in Live Cells." [http://www.cell.com/biophysj/abstract/S0006-3495(04)74439-2] Costes approach makes the assumption that only positive correlations are of interest, and does not provide a useful measurement of PCC.

Although the use of coefficients can significantly improve the reliability of colocalization detection, it depends on the number of factors, including the conditions of how samples with fluorescence were prepared and how images with colocalization were acquired and processed. Studies should be conducted with great caution, and after careful background reading. Currently the field is dogged by confusion and a standardized approach is yet to be firmly established.BOLTE and CORDELIÈRES (2006) "A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy." [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01706.x/abstract] Attempts to rectify this include re-examination and revision of some of the coefficients,Adler and Parmryd (2010)"Quantifying colocalization by correlation: The Pearson correlation coefficient is superior to the Mander's overlap coefficient." [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cyto.a.20896/abstract]Krauß et al (2015). "Colocalization of fluorescence and Raman microscopic images for the identification of subcellular compartments: a validation study." Analyst, volume 140, issue 7, pages 2360-2368. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4AN02153C] application of a factor to correct for noise,Adler et al. (2008) "Replicate based noise corrected correlations for accurate measurements of colocalization".{{cite journal|title=Replicate-based noise corrected correlation for accurate measurements of colocalization|first1=J.|last1=Adler|first2=S. N.|last2=Pagakis|first3=I.|last3=Parmryd|date=1 April 2008|volume=230|issue=1|pages=121–133|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.01967.x|pmid = 18387047|journal=Journal of Microscopy|s2cid=12758752 }} and the proposal of further protocols,Curr Protoc Cell Biol [http://www.currentprotocols.com/protocol/cb0419 "Quantitative colocalization analysis of confocal fluorescence microscopy images."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128082209/http://www.currentprotocols.com/protocol/cb0419 |date=2009-11-28 }} which were thoroughly reviewed by Bolte and Cordelieres (2006). In addition, due to the tendency of fluorescence images to contain a certain amount of out-of-focus signal, and poisson shot and other noise, they usually require pre-processing prior to quantification.[https://www.amazon.com/dp/038725921X Pawley JB (2006). Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy]Zinchuk V et al (2011). "Quantifying spatial correlations of fluorescent markers using enhanced background reduction with protein proximity index and correlation coefficient estimations". [http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v6/n10/abs/nprot.2011.384.html Nat Protoc 6:1554-1567.] Careful image restoration by deconvolution removes noise and increases contrast in images, improving the quality of colocalization analysis results. Up to now, most frequently used methods to quantify colocalization calculate the statistical correlation of pixel intensities in two distinct microscopy channels. More recent studies have shown that this can lead to high correlation coefficients even for targets that are known to reside in different cellular compartments.{{Cite journal|last1=Moser|first1=Bernhard|last2=Hochreiter|first2=Bernhard|last3=Herbst|first3=Ruth|last4=Schmid|first4=Johannes A.|date=2016-07-01|title=Fluorescence colocalization microscopy analysis can be improved by combining object-recognition with pixel-intensity-correlation|journal=Biotechnology Journal|volume=12|issue=1|language=en|pages=1600332|doi=10.1002/biot.201600332|pmid=27420480|pmc=5244660|issn=1860-7314}} A more robust quantification of colocalization can be achieved by combining digital object recognition, the calculation of the area overlap and combination with a pixel-intensity correlation value. This led to the concept of an object-corrected Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Some impermeable fluorescent zinc dyes can detectably label the cytosol and nuclei of apoptizing and necrotizing cells among each of four different tissue types examined. Namely: the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, the cerebellum, and it was also demonstrated that colocalized detection of zinc increase and the well accepted cell death indicator propidium iodide also occurred in kidney cells. Using the principles of fluorescent colocalization. coincident detection of zinc accumulation and propidium iodide (a traditional cell death indicator) uptake in multiple cell types was demonstrated.{{cite journal|title=Measuring cell viability with membrane impermeable zinc fluorescent indicator|first1=Christian J.|last1=Stork|first2=Yang V.|last2=Li|date=15 September 2006|journal=Journal of Neuroscience Methods|volume=155|issue=2|pages=180–186|doi=10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.12.029|pmid=16466804|s2cid=16900662 }} Various examples of quantification of colocalization in the field of neuroscience can be found in a review.Zinchuk V & Grossenbacher-Zinchuk O (2009). "Recent advances in quantitative colocalization analysis: Focus on neuroscience". [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079633609000229 Prog Histochem Cytochem 44:125-172] Detailed protocols on the quantification of colocalization can be found in a book chapter.{{Cite web|url=http://diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?searchId=11&pid=diva2%3A563664&dswid=1197|title=Adler J & Parmryd I (2013) Methods Mol Biol 931, 97-109|website=Colocalization analysis in fluorescence microscopy.|access-date=2016-04-19}}

Colocalization is used in real-time single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to detect interactions between fluorescently labeled molecular species. In this case, one species (e.g. a DNA molecule) is typically immobilized on the imaging surface, and the other species (e.g. a DNA-binding protein) is supplied to the solution. The two species are labeled with dyes of spectrally resolved (>50 nm) colors, e.g. cyanine-3 and cyanine-5. Fluorescence excitation is typically carried out in total internal reflection mode which increases the signal-to-noise ratio for the molecules at the surface with respect to the molecules in bulk solution. The molecules are detected as spots appearing on the surface in real-time, and their locations are found to within 10-20 nm by fitting of point-spread functions. Since typical sizes of biomolecules are on the order of 10 nm, this precision is usually sufficient for calling of molecular interactions {{cite journal|title=Mechanism of Transcription Initiation at an Activator-Dependent Promoter Defined by Single-Molecule Observation|first1=Friedman L.|last1=Gelles|date=17 February 2012|journal=Cell|volume=148|issue=4|pages=635–637|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.018|pmid=22341441|pmc=3479156}}

For the purpose of better interpretation of the results of qualitative and quantitative colocalization studies, it was suggested to use a set of five linguistic variables tied to the values of colocalization coefficients, such as very weak, weak, moderate, strong, and very strong, for describing them. The approach is based on the use of the fuzzy system model and computer simulation. When new coefficients are introduced, their values can be fitted into the set.{{cite journal | last1 = Zinchuk | first1 = V |display-authors=et al | year = 2013 | title = Bridging the gap between qualitative and quantitative colocalization results in fluorescence microscopy studies | journal = Sci Rep | volume = 3 | page = 1365 | doi = 10.1038/srep01365 | pmid = 23455567 | pmc = 3586700 }}

• Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET): 10 nm proximity
• (Light microscopy: only 250 nm resolution; no certainty of effective interaction)
• Immuno precipitation (IP) dropdowns / pulldowns
• Yeast 2 hybrid - protein interaction mapping

The degree of colocalization in fluorescence microscopy images can be validated using the Colocalization Benchmark Source, a free collection of downloadable image sets with pre-defined values of colocalization.

• FIJI is just ImageJ - batteries included
• BioImage XD

• AxioVision Colocalization Module
• Colocalization Research Software
• CoLocalizer Pro CoLocalizer Pro
• Nikon's NIS-Elements Colocalization Module
• Scientific Volume Imaging's Huygens Colocalization Analyzer
• Quorum Technology's Volocity
• Media Cybernetics's Image-Pro
• Bitplane's Imaris
• arivis Vision4D
• [https://rewireneuro.com/pipsqueak-pro/ Rewire Neuro's Pipsqueak Pro]

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Category:Microscopy