Commodity Futures Trading Commission

{{more citations needed section|date=September 2024}}

Futures contracts for agricultural commodities have been traded in the U.S. for more than 150 years and have been under federal regulation since the 1920s.See the Futures Trading Act of 1921, Declared unconstitutional in Hill v. Wallace 259 U.S. 44 (1922), the Grain Futures Act of 1922 and Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen 262 US 1 (1923). The Grain Futures Act of 1922 set the basic authority and was changed by the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936 (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.).{{cite web |title=Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition |website=Congressional Research Service |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/97-905 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520110634/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/97-905 |archive-date=2021-05-20 |date=June 16, 2005}}{{cite web |url=http://www.cftc.gov/cftc/cftchome.htm |publisher=CFTC |title=About}}

Since the 1970s,{{cite journal |title=Futures Markets: Their Purpose, Their History, Their Growth, Their Successes and Failures |author=Dennis W. Carlton |journal=Journal of Futures Markets |year=1984 |volume=4 |number=3 |pages=237–71 |doi=10.1002/fut.3990040302|id={{ProQuest|228205962}} }} trading in futures contracts has rapidly expanded beyond traditional physical and agricultural commodities into a vast array of financial instruments, including foreign currencies, U.S. and foreign government securities, and U.S. and foreign stock indices.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Congress created the CFTC in 1974 as an independent federal regulatory agency. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-463) created the CFTC to replace the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Commodity Exchange Authority.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The Act made extensive changes to the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) of 1936, which itself amended the original Grain Futures Act of 1922. (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.). In 1975, the first members were selected, and John T. O'Hara became its first chairman.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The CFTC's mandate was renewed and expanded in December 2000 when Congress passed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, which instructed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the CFTC to develop a joint regulatory regime for single-stock futures, the products of which began trading in November 2002.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 2010, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act expanded the CFTC's regulatory authority into the swaps markets.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The swaps markets currently have a notional value of more than $400 trillion.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

{{more citations needed section|date=September 2024}}

The CFTC oversees the derivatives markets by encouraging their competitiveness and efficiency, ensuring their integrity, protecting market participants against manipulation, abusive trading practices, fraud, and ensuring the financial integrity of the clearing process.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The CFTC generally does not directly regulate the safety and soundness of individual firms, with the exception of newly regulated swap dealers and major swap participants, for whom it sets capital standards pursuant to Dodd–Frank.{{cite web|last=Murphy|first=Edward V|title=Who Regulates Whom and How? An Overview of U.S. Financial Regulatory Policy for Banking and Securities Markets |url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43087.pdf |publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=March 14, 2014|pages=51|format=CRS Report for Congress,7-5700|date=May 28, 2013}} Through oversight, the CFTC enables the derivatives markets to serve the function of price discovery and offsetting price risk.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

As of 2014 the CFTC oversees 'designated contract markets' (DCMs) or exchanges, swap execution facilities (SEFs), derivatives clearing organizations, swap data repositories (SDRs), swap dealers, futures commission merchants, commodity pool operators and other intermediaries.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The CFTC coordinates its work with foreign regulators, such as its UK counterpart, the Financial Conduct Authority, which supervises the London Metal Exchange.{{cite web|title=Testimony of Vincent McGonagle, Director Division of Market Oversight, Commodity Futures Trading Commission Before the Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection Subcommittee Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs |url=https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/opamcgonagle011514|date=January 15, 2014|access-date=March 13, 2014}}

File:Brooksley Born.jpg]]

In 1998 CFTC chairperson Brooksley E. Born lobbied Congress and the President{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/capitaloffenseho00/page/352|title=Capital Offense: How Washington's Wise Men Turned America's Future Over to Wall Street|pages=[https://archive.org/details/capitaloffenseho00/page/352 352 pages]|date=December 13, 2010|author=Michael Hirsh|isbn=978-0470520673|access-date=February 20, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|url-access=registration}}{{page needed|date=January 2015}}{{citation |title= The Warning | publisher=PBS | work= Frontline}} to give the CFTC oversight of 'off-exchange markets' for over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives in addition to its existing oversight of exchange-traded derivatives,[http://www.cftc.gov/opa/press98/opamntn.htm "Concept Release Concerning Over-The-Counter Derivatives market"], CFTC Release #4142-98, May 7, 1998. but her warnings were opposed by other regulators.{{cite news|last=Goodman|first=Peter S.|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2008/10/09/business/economy/09greenspan.html|title=Taking Hard New Look at a Greenspan Legacy|work=The New York Times|date=October 9, 2008|page=A1|access-date=February 15, 2025}}

Two actions by the CFTC in 1998 led some market participants to express concerns that the CFTC might modify the "Swap Exemption" and attempt to impose new regulations on the swaps market.{{citation|title=Over-the-Counter Derivatives Markets and the Commodity Exchange Act |url=http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/reports/otcact.pdf |publisher=President's Working Group on Financial Markets |work=press release |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013165049/http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/reports/otcact.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2010 }} First, in a February 1998 comment letter addressing the SEC's "broker-dealer lite" proposal, the CFTC stated that the SEC's proposal would create the potential for conflict with the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) to the extent that certain OTC derivative instruments fall within the ambit of the CEA and are subject to the exclusive statutory authority of the CFTC.Letter from Jean A. Webb, Secretary, CFTC, to Jonathan G. Katz, Secretary, SEC (February 26, 1998).

In May 1998 the CFTC issued a 'concept release' requesting comment on whether regulation of OTC derivatives markets was appropriate and, if so, what form such regulation should take.Over-the-Counter Derivatives, 63 Fed. Reg. 26,114 (May 12, 1998). Legislation enacted in 1999 at the request of the US Treasury, the Federal Reserve Board, and the SEC limited the CFTC's rulemaking authority with respect to swaps and hybrid instruments until March 30, 1999, and froze the pre-existing legal status of swap agreements and hybrid instruments entered into in reliance on the 'Swap Exemption', the 'Hybrid Instrument Rule', the 'Swap Policy Statement, or the 'Hybrid Interpretation'.{{cite web | url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ277/html/PLAW-105publ277.htm | title= Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999, § 760, as enacted in Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999, Pub. L. No. 105-277, 112 Stat. 2681, 2681–35 (1998).}} The text of that act read: "...the Commission may not propose or issue any rule or regulation, or issue any interpretation or policy statement, that restricts or regulates activity in a qualifying hybrid instrument or swap agreement".{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Shortly after Congress had passed this legislation prohibiting CFTC from regulating derivatives, Born resigned. She later commented the failure of Long-Term Capital Management and the subsequent bailout as being indicative what she had been trying to prevent.Born was the focus of an October 2009 Frontline documentary titled "The Warning" and was also chronicled in the documentary Inside Job. The two films recount her attempts to investigate and regulate the OTC derivatives market (PBS Frontline The Warning)

In March 2014 the CFTC acknowledged it was considering the regulation of Bitcoin.{{cite news|title=U.S. swaps watchdog says considering bitcoin regulation|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bitcoin-regulation-idUSBREA2A1W020140311 |access-date=March 11, 2014|newspaper=Reuters.com|date=March 11, 2014}} The CFTC has since taken the position that Bitcoin is a commodity under the CEA.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} In October 2019, former CFTC Chairman Heath Tarbert, now Chief Legal Officer of Citadel Securities, declared that ether was also a commodity under the CEA.{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/cftc-says-cryptocurrency-ether-is-a-commodity-and-is-open-to-ether-derivatives-133455545.html|title=CFTC says cryptocurrency ether is a commodity, and ether futures are next|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-20}}

In 2015, the CFTC ruled that for purposes of trading, cryptocurrencies were legally classified as commodities.{{cite web |title=A CFTC Primer on Virtual Currencies |url=https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/idc/groups/public/documents/file/labcftc_primercurrencies100417.pdf |website=U.S. Consumer Commodities Trading Commission |publisher=U.S. Government |access-date=7 February 2019}} However, in view of market volatility and other factors, the CFTC noted several risks associated with trading virtual currencies.{{cite web |title=Understand the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading |url=https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/idc/groups/public/@customerprotection/documents/file/customeradvisory_urvct121517.pdf |website=Commodities Futures Trading Commission |access-date=16 November 2018}} In 2017, the CFTC cited the US SEC's warning against digital token sales and initial coin offerings (ICOs) that can "improperly entice investors with promises of high returns".{{cite web |title=Investor Bulletin: Initial Coin Offerings |url=https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/ib_coinofferings |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=16 November 2018}} In recent years, the CFTC has expanded its efforts to civilly prosecute fraud and misappropriation in the digital asset markets.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Based in Washington, D.C., the CFTC maintains regional offices in Chicago, New York and Kansas City, Missouri.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The Commission consists of five Commissioners appointed by the President of the United States to serve staggered five-year terms.{{USC|7|2#a_2}} The commissioners may continue to serve until their successor is confirmed, but not beyond the expiration of the next session of Congress subsequent to the expiration their term.{{USC|7|2#a_2}} The President, with the consent of the United States Senate, designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman.{{USC|7|2#a_2}} No more than three commissioners at any one time may be from the same political party.{{USC|7|2#a_2}}

File:CFTC Commissioner Caroline D. Pham.jpg]]

The current CFTC commissioners {{as of|lc=y|df=US|2025|6|5}}:{{cite web |url=https://www.cftc.gov/About/Commissioners/index.htm |title=Current CFTC Commissioners |author= |date= |website=CFTC.gov |publisher=Commodity Futures Trading Commission |access-date=June 5, 2025}}

President Trump has nominated the following to fill a seat on the commission. They await Senate confirmation. Quintenz is also awaiting confirmation to be Chairman.{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/quick-search/nominations?wordsPhrases=Commodity+Futures+Trading+Commission&wordVariants=on&congressGroups%5B0%5D=0&congresses%5B0%5D=119&nomCivil=on&nomOther=on&pnNumbers=&nomineeNames=&positions=&organizations=&stateTerritories%5B0%5D=any&nominationAction=&dates=datesReceivedInSenate&dateOperator=equal&startDate=&endDate=&dateIsOption=yesterday |title=Quick Search Commodity Futures Trading Commission |author= |date= |website=Congress.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=June 5, 2025}}

The Division of Enforcement (DOE) investigates and prosecutes alleged violations of the Commodity Exchange Act and CFTC regulations. Violations may involve commodity futures or option trading on domestic commodity exchanges, or the improper marketing of commodity investments. The Division may, at the direction of the commission, file complaints before the agency's administrative law judges or in the U.S. District Courts. Alleged criminal violations of the Commodity Exchange Act or violations of other Federal laws which involve commodity futures trading may be referred to the Justice Department for prosecution. The Division also provides expert help and technical assistance with case development and trials to U.S. Attorneys' Offices, other Federal and state regulators, and international authorities.

The Division of Market Oversight (DMO) has regulatory responsibility for initial recognition and continuing oversight of trade execution facilities, including new registered futures exchanges, swap execution facilities, and swap data repositories. The regulatory functions of the Division include, among other things, rule enforcement reviews, reviews of new products and product- and market-related rule amendments, and associated product and market-related studies. The Division was previously responsible for market and trade practice surveillance.

Formerly known as the Division of Swap Dealer and Intermediary Oversight, the Market Participants Division (MPD) primarily oversees derivatives market intermediaries, including commodity pool operators, commodity trading advisors, futures commission merchants, introducing brokers, major swap participants, retail foreign exchange dealers, and swap dealers, as well as designated self-regulatory organizations. MPD conducts the registration, compliance, and business conduct standards of intermediaries, swap dealers and major swap participants. The division also oversees the agency's customer education initiatives.

The Division of Clearing and Risk (DCR) oversees derivatives clearing organizations (DCOs) and other market participants in the clearing process. These include futures commission merchants, swap dealers, major swap participants, and large traders. DCR monitors the clearing of futures, options on futures, and swaps by DCOs, assesses DCO compliance with Commission regulations, and conducts risk assessment and surveillance. DCR also makes recommendations on DCO applications and eligibility, rule submissions, and which types of swaps should be cleared.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cftc.gov/About/CFTCOrganization/index.htm|title=CFTC Organization {{!}} U.S. COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION|website=cftc.gov|access-date=2019-07-22}} As of 2019, Clark Hutchison serves as Director of the Division of Clearing and Risk.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/7987-19|title=Chairman Tarbert Announces Key Executive Leadership Appointment {{!}} U.S. COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION|website=cftc.gov|access-date=2019-10-20}}

This list is sourced from the CFTCs website.{{cite web |url=https://www.cftc.gov/About/Commissioners/FormerCommissioners/index.htm |title=Former Commissioners |author= |date= |website=CFTC.gov |publisher=Commodity Futures Trading Commission |access-date=June 5, 2025}}

• Christy Goldsmith Romero (term of Service 03/20/22 – 05/31/25)
• Summer K. Mersinger (term of Service 03/20/22 – 05/31/25)
• Rostin Behnam (Acting Chairman 01/21/21 – 01/04/22) (Chairman 01/04/22 – 01/20/25) (term of Service 09/06/17 – 02/07/25)
• Dan M. Berkovitz (term of Service 09/07/18 – 10/15/21)
• Brian D. Quintenz (term of Service 08/15/17 – 08/31/21)
• Heath Tarbert (Chairman 07/15/2019 – 01/21/2021) (term of Service 07/15/2019 – 03/05/2021)
• J. Christopher Giancarlo (Acting Chairman 01/20/17 – 08/03/17) (Chairman 08/03/17 – 04/13/19) (term of Service 06/06/14 – 06/05/19)
• Sharon Y. Bowen (term of Service 06/09/14 – 09/29/17)
• Timothy Massad (term of Service 6/5/14 – 02/17/17)
• Mark P. Wetjen (term of Service 10/25/11 – 08/28/15)
• Scott D. O'Malia (term of Service 10/19/09 – 08/08/14)
• Bart Chilton (term of Service 08/08/07 – 03/21/14)
• Gary Gensler (Chairman 05/26/09 – 01/3/14) (term of Service 05/26/09 – 01/3/14)
• Jill E. Sommers (term of Service 08/08/07 – 07/08/13)
• Michael V. Dunn (Acting Chairman 1/20/09 – 5/25/09) (term of Service 11/21/04 – 10/24/11)
• Walter L. Lukken (Acting Chairman 6/27/07- 01/20/09) (term of Service 08/07/02 – 07/10/09)
• Reuben Jeffery, III (chairman 07/11/05 – 6/27/07) (term of Service 07/11/05 – 06/27/07)
• Frederick W. Hatfield (term of Service 12/06/04 – 12/31/06)
• Sharon Brown-Hruska (Acting Chairman 08/24/04 – 07/10/05) (term of Service 08/07/02 – 07/28/06)
• James E. Newsome (Acting Chairman 01/20/01 – 12/27/01) (chairman 12/27/01 – 07/23/04) (term of Service 08/10/98 – 07/23/04)
• Thomas J. Erickson (term of Service 06/21/99 – 12/01/02)
• Barbara P. Holum (Acting Chairwoman 12/22/93 – 10/07/94) (term of Service 11/28/93 – 12/09/03)
• David D. Spears (Acting Chairman 06/02/99 – 08/10/99) (term of Service 09/03/96 – 12/20/01)
• Brooksley E. Born (Chairwoman 08/26/96 – 06/01/99)
• John E. Tull, Jr. (Acting Chairman 01/27/96 – 08/25/96) (term of Service 11/24/93 – 02/27/99)
• Joseph B. Dial (term of Service 06/20/91 – 11/13/97)
• Mary L. Schapiro (Chairwoman 10/13/94 – 01/26/96) (term of Service 10/13/94 – 01/26/96)
• Sheila C. Bair (Acting Chairwoman 08/22/93 – 12/21/93) (term of Service 05/02/91 – 06/16/95)
• William P. Albrecht (Acting Chairman 01/22/93 – 08/20/93) (term of Service 11/22/88 – 08/20/93)
• Wendy L. Gramm (term of Service 02/22/88 – 01/22/93)
• Fowler C. West (term of Service 10/06/82 – 01/20/93)
• Kalo A. Hineman (Acting Chairman 07/27/87 – 02/22/83) (term of Service 01/12/82 – 06/19/91)
• Robert R. Davis (terms of Service 10/03/84 – 04/30/90)
• William Rainer (term of Service 08/11/99 – 01/19/01)
• William E. Seale (term of Service 11/16/83 – 09/01/88)
• Susan M. Philips (Chairwoman 11/17/83 – 07/24/87) (Acting Chairwoman 05/28/83 – 11/16/83) (term of Service 11/16/81 – 07/24/87)
• Philip McBride Johnson (Chairman 6/8/81 – 5/01/83) (term of Service 06/06/81 – 05/01/83)
• James M. Stone (Chairman 05/04/79 – 06/08/81) (term of Service 05/04/79 – 01/31/83)
• Read P. Dunn (term of Service 04/15/75 – 11/13/81)
• David G. Gartner (term of Service 05/19/78 – 10/05/82)
• Robert L. Martin (term of Service 06/20/75 – 08/31/81)
• Gary L. Seevers (Acting Chairman 12/06/78 – 05/03/79) (term of Service 04/15/75 – 06/01/79)
• Bill Bagley (term of Service 04/15/75 – 11/15/78)
• John V. Rainbolt (term of Service 04/15/75 – 05/18/78)

Roy Lavik served as the CFTC (Commodity Futures and Trading Commission) Inspector General from 1990 until 2023. On May 3, 2023, the Wall Street Journal Reports that Mr. Lavik was suspended by the CFTC as the Inspector General after an oversight body alleging "Substantial Misconduct". Complaints of misconduct go back as far as late 2018. Allegations include:

• Divulging the identity of whistleblowers on multiple occasions
• Misappropriating around $165,000 in funds for a hire that did little or no work
• Violating agency security policies by allowing others to use his username and password to access sensitive systems

{{cite web| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/federal-agency-suspends-inspector-general-after-oversight-body-alleged-substantial-misconduct-8be1ce61 |title=Suspended for Misconduct|work=Federal Agency Suspends Inspector General After Oversight Body Alleged ‘Substantial Misconduct’ |date=May 3, 2023 |access-date=May 3, 2023 |last1=Osipovich |first1=Alexander |last2=Kiernan |first2=Paul }}

Unlike the other four main financial regulators, the CFTC does not have self-funding. A transaction fee has been "requested" for several years but Congress has not taken any legislative action. During the government shut down in October 2013, SEC and Federal Reserve stayed open, but "futures and most swaps markets were left with essentially no cop on the beat".

In 2007, the CFTC's budget was {{US$|long=no|98 million}} and it had 437 full-time equivalent employees (FTEs). After 2008, funding increased by 80% to {{US$|long=no|205 million}} and 687 FTEs for fiscal year (FY) 2012, but was cut to {{US$|long=no|180.4 million}} and 682 FTEs for FY 2013.{{cite news |title=House panel sticks with CFTC funding cut|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-cftc-funding-idUSBRE85I1FD20120619|access-date=March 14, 2014|newspaper=Reuters.com|date=Jun 19, 2012|quote=Georgia Republican Jack Kingston faulted the CFTC for not preventing or foreseeing the collapse of M.F. Global last year or J.P. Morgan's loss of more than $2 billion in derivatives trade this year. "We spent a lot of money. What did we get for it? Zero," said Kingston, adding, "We're not seeing brilliance."}} In 2013 CFTC's performance was severely affected by limited resources and had to delay cases.{{cite news |title=CFTC Backs Off, Lacking Funding|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB20001424052702303843104579169901294571302 |access-date=March 14, 2014|newspaper=WSJ.com|date=November 1, 2013|author=Jean Eaglesham}} The current, FY 2014 funding of {{US$|long=no|215 M}} did not keep up with CFTC's increasing swaps market oversight and regulation, equivalent to tens of trillions of dollars in formerly dark market trading, according to outgoing Commissioner Bart Chilton in his last speech.{{cite web|title=Statement of Commissioner Bart Chilton on the President's FY 2015 Budget |url=http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/chiltonstatement030414|work=Press Room|publisher=CFTC|access-date=March 14, 2014 |date=March 4, 2014}} The Obama administration's latest budget proposal for FY 2015 requested {{US$|long=no|280 M}}, which is {{US$|long=no|35 M}} less than the request for the previous year,{{cite news|title=Obama to Request 30% Bump in CFTC Funding|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-to-request-30-bump-in-cftc-funding-1393639312|access-date=March 14, 2014 |newspaper=WSJ|date=February 28, 2014|author=Andrew Ackerman}} and would fund "100 less employees than we need" per Chilton, who called the budget "woefully insufficient" for CFTC's more than 40-fold increased purview.

In February 2014, Commissioner Scott D. O'Malia dissented from the FY 2014 spending plan saying that it did not allocate enough funding to new technology investments, but allocated too much to swap dealer oversight, duplicating the work of the self-regulatory National Futures Association.{{cite web|title=Statement of Dissent by Commissioner Scott D. O'Malia, Fiscal Year 2014 Spending Plan|url=http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/omaliastatement022714|work=Press Room |publisher=CFTC |access-date=March 14, 2014|date=February 27, 2014}} In March he dissented from the FY 2015 budget request stating CFTC "makes an unrealistic request for new staff and funding in this budget request without a firm understanding of its mission priorities, specific goals, and corresponding personnel and technology needs."{{cite web|title=Statement of Dissent by Commissioner Scott D. O'Malia, Fiscal Year 2015 President's Budget & Performance Plan |url=http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/omaliastatement030514 |work=Press Room |publisher=CFTC|access-date=March 14, 2014 |date=March 5, 2014}}

In December 2019, the CFTC secured funding of {{US$|long=no|284 million}} for FY2020, an increase of nearly 6 percent from the {{US$|long=no|268 million}} appropriated for FY2019.{{cite news |last1=Mejdrich |first1=Kellie |title=Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/kelmej/status/1206707360045129728 |date=December 16, 2019}} Chairman Tarbert commented that this "fully matched" the CFTC's request, the first time that had happened in "nearly a decade.{{cite web |last1=Tarbert |first1=Heath |title=Tweet on December 16, 2019 |url=https://twitter.com/ChairmanHeath/status/1206737517032202240 |website=Twitter.com |access-date=24 April 2020}}"

• Chicago Board Options Exchange
• Chicago Board of Trade
• Chicago Mercantile Exchange
• COMEX
• Kansas City Board of Trade
• Minneapolis Grain Exchange
• North American Derivatives Exchange
• New York Mercantile Exchange
• New York Board of Trade
• OneChicago

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Commodity
• CFTC report
• Federal Trade Commission
• Forex scam
• Hunter Wise Commodities
• Managed futures account
• Futures Industry Association, trade organization
• Securities market participants (United States)
• Title 17 of the Code of Federal Regulations
• CFTC Whistleblower Program
• 2000s commodities boom
• 2020s commodities boom
• Digital Commodities Consumer Protection Act
• List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist|group=notes}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/ "The Warning"], PBS(WGBH) Frontline October 20, 2009. Documentary about 2008 financial collapse with Brooksley Born speaking about her failed campaign to regulate the derivatives market. https://randosity.wordpress.com/2010/11/26/film-review-the-warning-pbs-frontline-documentary/ See also: [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/etc/sitemap.html Background material]
• [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43117.pdf The Commodity Futures Trading Commission: Background and Current Issues] published by the Congressional Research Service June 24, 2013, 379 KB, 23pp
• [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-22/cftc-official-tied-to-wall-street-profits-from-merger-fight CFTC Official Tied to Wall Street Profits From Merger Fight] (January 2015), Bloomberg Businessweek

• {{Official website}}
• [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/commodity-futures-trading-commission Commodity Futures Trading Commission] in the Federal Register
• [https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/commodity-futures-trading-commission Commodity Futures Trading Commission] on USAspending.gov

{{Presidency of Gerald Ford}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Financial services companies established in 1974

Category:Financial regulatory authorities of the United States

Category:Government agencies established in 1974

Category:Independent agencies of the United States government