Competition Commission of India

{{Infobox government agency

| name = Competition Commission of India

| native_name = भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग

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| type = Commission

| seal = Emblem of India (navy blue).svg

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| logo = Logo of the Competition Commission of India.svg

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| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2003|10|14}}

| preceding1 = Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission

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| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} Republic of India

| headquarters = Competition Commission of India 9th Floor, Office Block - 1, Kidwai Nagar (East), New Delhi 110023, India.

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| budget = 756.19 Crore (for Financial Year 2023–24)

| minister1_name = Nirmala Sitaraman

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| chief1_name = Ravneet Kaur IAS

| chief1_position = {{small|(Chairperson)}}

| chief2_name = Inder Pal Singh Bindra, IRS

| chief2_position = {{small|(Secretary)}}

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| website = {{URL|https://www.cci.gov.in}}

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The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is the chief national competition regulator in India. It is a statutory body within the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and is responsible for enforcing the Competition Act, 2002 to promote competition and prevent activities that have an appreciable adverse effect on competition in India. The CCI looks into cases and investigates them if the same has a negative impact on competition.

CCI also approves combination under the act so that two merging entities do not overtake the market.{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Saptaparno |date=2023-09-09 |title=The Competition Commission's proposed regulations on merger thresholds {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/the-competition-commissions-proposed-regulations-on-merger-thresholds-explained/article67284593.ece |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}

The commission was established on 14 October 2003. It became fully functional in May 2009 with Dhanendra Kumar as its first chairman.{{cite web|title=CCI formation|url=http://www.cci.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18|publisher=CCI|access-date=4 January 2013}}{{cite news|title=CCI through the eyes of the media: Doing well!|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/competition-commission-through-the-eyes-of-the-media-doing-well/28549.html|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=MoneyControl.com|date=18 September 2012}} The current Chairperson of the CCI is Ravneet Kaur, who was appointed to the role in 2023.

The Competition Act, 2002

The idea of Competition Commission was conceived and introduced in the form of the Competition Act, 2002 by the Vajpayee government. A need was felt to promote competition and private enterprise especially in the light of 1991 Indian economic liberalisation.{{cite news|title=In fact: How India learnt to promote, and regulate, competition|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-how-india-learnt-to-promote-and-regulate-competition-2829625/|access-date=2 March 2017}}

The Competition Act, 2002, as amended by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007, follows the philosophy of modern competition laws. The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position by enterprises and regulates combinations (acquisition, acquiring of control and Merger and acquisition), which causes or likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India.{{cite web|title=The Competition Act – Act No. 12 of 2003|url=http://www.cci.gov.in/images/media/competition_act/act2002.pdf|publisher=Competition Commission of India|access-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627063249/http://www.cci.gov.in/images/media/competition_act/act2002.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}

The objectives of the act are sought to be achieved through the Competition Commission of India (CCI), which has been established by the Central Government with effect from 14 October 2003. CCI consists of a chairperson and six members appointed by the Central Government. It is the duty of the commission to eliminate practices having adverse effect on competition, promote and sustain competition, protect the interests of consumers and ensure freedom of trade in the markets of India.

The commission is also required to give an opinion on competition issues on a reference received from a statutory authority established under any law and to undertake competition advocacy, create public awareness and impart training on competition issues.

Objectives

{{Quote box

|quote = "The main objective of competition law is to promote economic efficiency using competition as one of the means of assisting the creation of market responsive to consumer preferences. The advantages of perfect competition are three-fold: allocative efficiency, which ensures the effective allocation of resources, productive efficiency, which ensures that costs of production are kept at a minimum and dynamic efficiency, which promotes innovative practices."

|source = Supreme Court of India Judgment in Civil Appeal No. 7999 of 2010 pronounced on 9 September 2010

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=Preamble to the Competition Act=

An Act to provide, keeping in view of the economic development of the country, for the establishment of a Commission to prevent practices having adverse effect on competition, to promote and sustain competition in markets, to protect the interests of consumers and to ensure freedom of trade carried on by other participants in markets, in India, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

To achieve its objectives, the Competition Commission of India endeavors to do the following:

Make the markets work for the benefit and welfare of consumers.
Ensure fair and healthy competition in economic activities in the country for faster and inclusive growth and development of the economy.
Implement competition policies with an aim to effectuate the most efficient utilization of economic resources.
Develop and nurture effective relations and interactions with sectoral regulators to ensure smooth alignment of sectoral regulatory laws in tandem with competition law.
Effectively carry out competition advocacy and spread the information on benefits of competition among all stakeholders to establish and nurture competition culture in Indian economy.

Composition

File:The Chairman, Competition Commission of India, Shri Ashok Chawla and the Vice President for Competition, EU, Mr. Joaquin Almunia signing a Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Field of Competition Laws.jpg

The commission comprises a chairperson and not less than two and not more than six other members appointed by the Central Government. Ravneet Kaur is the current chairperson of the CCI.{{cite web|url=http://www.cci.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=117option=com_content&task=view&id=117|title=CCI – Organogram|publisher=Competition Commission of India|access-date=12 October 2013}} The members of the Competition Commission of India are:{{Cite news |last=Kalra |first=Aditya |date=2023-09-19 |title=India names ex-government official, former WhatsApp exec as new antitrust members, sources say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-antitrust-body-appoints-former-govt-official-whatsapp-exec-new-members-2023-09-19/ |access-date=2023-09-19}}

Ravneet Kaur
Anil Agarwal
Sweta Kakkad
Deepak Anurag

Notable cases and actions

In December 2010, CCI instituted a probe to examine if there was any cartelization among traders when onion prices touched 80 rupees, but did not find enough evidence of market manipulation.{{cite news|title = Competition panel to probe hoarding, onion price rigging|date = 15 August 2013|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/Competition-panel-to-probe-hoarding-onion-price-rigging/Article1-1108457.aspx|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130816180140/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/Competition-panel-to-probe-hoarding-onion-price-rigging/Article1-1108457.aspx|url-status = dead|archive-date = 16 August 2013|newspaper = Hindustan Times|edition = New Delhi|first = Mahua|last = Venkatesh|access-date = 16 August 2013}}
In June 2012, CCI imposed a fine of {{INRConvert|63.07|b}} on 11 cement companies for cartelisation. CCI claimed that cement companies met regularly to fix prices, control market share and hold back supply which earned them illegal profits.{{cite news|title=Competition Commission of India imposes Rs 6,307 crore penalty on 11 cement companies|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/busted-cartelising-cement-firms/478491/|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=26 June 2012}}
In January 2013, CCI modified clauses in agreements between real estate company DLF Limited and apartment buyers.{{cite news|title=Competition Commission of India modifies DLF-buyer agreements|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/real-estate/news/cci-modifies-dlf-buyer-agreements/articleshow/17879672.cms|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=4 January 2013}} Business and finance portal Moneycontrol.com welcomed the order saying that, "This is a landmark ruling and will benefit property owners across the country". Some of the important modifications were:
The Builder cannot undertake any additional construction beyond the approved building plan given to the buyers.
The builder will not have complete ownership of open spaces within the residential project area not sold.
Not just the buyer but the builder will be liable for any defaults.{{cite news|title=CCI ruling on DLF: Changing the builder-buyer equation?|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/cci-rulingdlf-changingbuilder-buyer-equation_803652.html|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=Money Control|date=4 January 2013}}
All payments made by the buyers must be based on construction milestones and not "on demand".
The builder will not have the sole power to form the owner’s association.
On 8 February 2013, CCI imposed a penalty of {{INRConvert|522|m}} on the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) for misusing its dominant position. The CCI found that IPL team ownership agreements were unfair and discriminatory and that the terms of the IPL franchise agreements were loaded in favor of BCCI and franchises had no say in the terms of the contract. The CCI ordered BCCI to "cease and desist" from any practice in future denying market access to potential competitors and not use its regulatory powers in deciding matters relating to its commercial activities.{{cite web|title=SS-Barmi-v-BCCI|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/124522532/SS-Barmi-v-BCCI|access-date=8 February 2013|date=8 February 2013}}{{cite web|title=Competition watchdog slaps Rs.52.24 crore fine on BCCI|date=8 February 2013|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/tz5p5j5vkTEYiIanZXE71J/Competition-watchdog-slaps-5224-crore-fine-on-BCCI.html|publisher=Live Mint|access-date=8 February 2013}}
In 2014, CCI imposed a fine of ₹10 million upon Google for failure to comply with the directions given by the Director General seeking information and documents.{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104701 | title=CCI imposes a fine of Rs. 1 Crore upon Google for failure to supply information/ documents in the investigations. | publisher=PIB | date=27 March 2014 | access-date=1 April 2014}}
On 25 August 2014, CCI imposed a fine of ₹2544 crores on 14 Indian car manufacturers for failure to provide branded spare parts and diagnostic tools to independent repairers, hampering their ability to repair and maintain certain car models. The companies fined were Maruti Suzuki, Mahindra & Mahindra, Tata Motors, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, Fiat, Ford, General Motors, Nissan, Hindustan Motors, Mercedes Benz and Skoda.{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/l7xoA5HRji17Rv2yRLxaHK/CCI-imposes-Rs2554-crore-penalty-on-14-car-makers.html | title=Competition panel fines 14 car makers Rs 2,554 crore | publisher=LiveMint | date=25 August 2014 | access-date=14 November 2018}}
On 17 November 2015, CCI imposed a fine of ₹258 crores upon three airlines for cartelization in determining the fuel surcharge on air cargo. A penalty of {{INR|151.69 crores}} was imposed on Jet Airways, while InterGlobe Aviation Limited (Indigo) and SpiceJet were levied {{INR|63.74 crores}} and {{INR|42.48 crores}} respectively.{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cci-imposes-rs-258-crore-fine-on-jet-airways-indigo-spicejet/167006/|title=Cartelisation: CCI imposes Rs 258 crore fine on Jet Airways, IndiGo, SpiceJet|date=18 November 2015|access-date=12 November 2016|via=Financial Express}}
In May 2017, CCI ordered a probe into the functioning of the Cellular Operators Association of India following a complaint filed by Reliance Jio against the cartelization by its rivals Bharati Airtel, Vodafone India and Idea cellular.
On 8 February 2018, it had fined Google's parent company, Alphabet Inc. for {{INR|135.86 crores}} for search bias.
On 12 August 2018, the CCI approved the Disney-Fox deal.{{cite web|url=http://smartinvestor.business-standard.com/market/read-539887-readdet-Fox_Disney_deal_CCI_approves_takeover_of_Murdochs_company_in_India.htm|title=Fox-Disney deal: CCI approves takeover of Murdoch's company in India|last=Malvania|first=Urvi|work=Smart Investor|date=12 August 2018|access-date=18 August 2018}}
In July 2018 the Commission imposed fines on the Federation of Gujarat State Chemists and Druggists Association, the Amdavad Chemist Association, the Surat Chemists and Druggists Association, the Chemists and Druggists Association of Baroda, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Hetero Healthcare Ltd, Divine Saviour and their staff and officers for breaches of the Competition Act 2002 by requiring No Objection Certificates before appointing stockists.{{cite news |title=CCI fines chemist and druggist associations and pharma companies |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3276c049-0738-4635-82d7-bfbe856cc790 |access-date=11 February 2019 |publisher=Lexology |date=3 January 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212130728/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3276c049-0738-4635-82d7-bfbe856cc790 |url-status=dead }}
In May 2019, Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC & Ors. the commission ordered an antitrust probe against Google for abusing its dominant position with Android to block market rivals.{{Cite journal|last=Javeed|first=Umar|date=2021|title=Data and Competition Law: Introducing Data As Non-Monetary Consideration and Competition Concerns in Data-Driven Online Platforms|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3788178|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3788178|s2cid=233912862|issn=1556-5068}} In its Prima Facie opinion the commission held, "Mandatory Pre-installation of entire Google Mobile Services (GMS) suite under Mobile application distribution agreements MADA amounts to imposition of unfair condition on the device manufacturers. Leveraging of Google's dominance in Google Play Store to protect relevant markets such as online general search in contravention of Section 4(2)(e) of the Competition Act 2002".
In June 2019, CCI issued letters to handset makers seeking details of terms and conditions of their agreement with Google. This is to ascertain if Google imposed any restrictions on them for using the company's apps in the past 8 years from 2011.{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/cci-asks-handset-companies-for-info-on-agreements-with-google/articleshow/69867066.cms|title=CCI asks handset companies for info on agreements with Google|last=Aulakh|first=Gulveen|date=2019-06-20|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-06-20}}
In December 2021, CCI took a step back from approving Amazon's investment in a Future Group company, which had initially received its nod in November 2019. Amazon has been blamed for concealing the scope and complete information of its investment while seeking for the approval.{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2021-12-17|title=CCI slaps ₹200 crore fine on Amazon, freezes Future deal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cci-slaps-202-crore-penalty-on-amazon-suspends-approval-for-future-coupons-deal/article37978487.ece|access-date=2021-12-18|issn=0971-751X}}
On 31 December 2021, CCI ordered an investigation into Apple Inc. business practices, including the company's enforcement of a proprietary payment system, to be conducted within 60 days.{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2021-12-31 |title=India antitrust watchdog orders investigation into Apple's business practices |language=en-US |work=TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/12/31/india-antitrust-watchdog-orders-investigation-into-apples-business-practices/ |access-date=2022-01-02}}
In October 2022, CCI imposed a {{INRConvert|1338|c}} penalty on Google for abusing its dominance in the licensing of Android OS for smartphones, app store market for Android, general web search services, non-OS specific mobile web browsers and online video hosting platforms in India. A week later, CCI levied a separate {{INRConvert|936.44|c}} penalty for abusing its Play Store policies. Additionally, it issued a cease-and-desist order directing Google to modify its policies, including allowing mobile application developers to use third-party payment services on its app store.{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/cci-fines-google-113-million-in-second-anti-trust-penalty-8229397/ |title=CCI slaps Rs 936-cr penalty on Google for abusing its dominant market position |date=2022-10-26 |work=The Indian Express}}{{cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/cci-imposes-rs-936-44-crore-fine-on-google-for-abusing-its-dominance-on-play-store-policies-9390841.html |title=CCI imposes Rs 936.44 crore fine on Google for abusing its dominance on Play Store policies |date=2022-10-25 |last=SN |first=Vikas |work=Network18 Group}}
In November 2024, the CCI fined Facebook parent company Meta Platforms {{INRConvert|213|c}} over unlawful practices concerning WhatsApp.{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=India restricts WhatsApp sharing data with other Meta entities, imposes $25.4 mln fine |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/indias-competition-regulator-imposes-254-mln-fine-meta-whatsapps-2021-privacy-2024-11-18/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Reuters}}

References

External links

{{official website}} Competition Commission of India
[https://www.cci.gov.in/competition-act The Competition Act, 2002 – Bare Act]
[https://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/presentation_document/AdvocSemCuttakHighourt22June2009.pdf?download=1 Overview of Competition Law]

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Category:Regulatory agencies of India

Category:Vajpayee administration initiatives

Category:Competition regulators

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Category:Consumer organisations in India

Category:2003 establishments in Delhi

Category:Government agencies established in 2003