Congregation of Bishops and Regulars

The Congregation of Bishops and Regulars ({{Langx|la|Congregatio episcoporum et regularium}}) was a department of the Roman Curia that, beginning in the late 16th century, managed the diocesan bishops and those individuals, both male and female, and establishments associated with religious orders. It was also concerned with the relationship, at times contentious, between the two. The term regulars derives from the Latin regula meaning rule; it refers to those religious who follow a rule, as the Benedictines follow the Rule of St. Benedict. Its competence changed over time as the various dicasteries of the Roman Curia competed for jurisdiction, and by the 19th century included new institutions and their rules, the erection of monasteries and convents, granting transfers and leaves from such institutions, and their sale of property.{{cite book | access-date = 31 January 2021 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ4HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA136 | page = 136 | title = Catholic Italy, its institutions and sanctuaries | first = Charles | last = Hemans | volume = Part I: Rome and the Papal States |date= 1860 | publisher = Baracchi | location = Florence}} It handled criminal cases as well. As late as 1903, this Congregation was described as "perhaps the most important congregation of the Roman Curia".{{cite journal | journal = Current Literature: A Magazine of Record and Review | volume = XXXV | date = July–December 1903 | page = 477 | title = The Administration of Catholicism }}

Pope Gregory XIII established a dicastery to address the issues raised by bishops in 1576 and his successor Pope Sixtus V erected a parallel structure for regulars in 1586. In 1593 Pope Clement VIII gave the two curial departments a common prefect. By 1601 they were known by the single name.{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u1NKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207 | pages= 197ff | title = The Roman Court: Or, A Treatise on the Cardinals, Roman Congregations and Tribunals, Legates, Apostolic Vicars, Protonotaries, and Other Prelates of the Holy Roman Church | first = Peter A. | last = Baart | publisher = Hoffman Bros. | date = 1895 }} Pope Pius X suppressed the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars on 29 June 1908 by the apostolic constitution Sapienti consilio, which accomplished an overall reorganization of the Curia, modifying its structure and the competencies of its congregations, tribunals, and lesser offices.{{cite journal | journal = The Literary Digest | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zbZZAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22sapienti+consilio%22&pg=PA909 | page = 909 | date= 19 April 1913 | title = Other Books Worth While | access-date = 31 January 2021 | volume = XLVI | issue = 16 | quote = In 1908, by an Apostolic constitution, Sapienti consilio, the organization of the Roman Curia was changed quite extensively, some of the Sacred Congregations being consolidated with others and one new one being created ... and their functions being in many cases enlarged or modified.}}