Continuing education#Continuing education for professionals

In the United Kingdom, Oxford University's Department for Continuing Education was founded in 1878,{{cite web|title=The history of continuing education at Oxford|url=https://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/about/our-history|website=Department for Continuing Education|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=28 December 2020|language=en}} and the Institute of Continuing Education of Cambridge University dates to the 1873.Jarvis, Peter. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMMgRnWmf3YC&pg=PA318 Adult Education and Lifelong Learning: Theory and Practice], p. 318 (Routledge 2004).

In the United States, the Chautauqua Institution, originally the Chautauqua Lake Sunday School Assembly, was founded in 1874 "as an educational experiment in out-of-school, vacation learning. It was successful and broadened almost immediately beyond courses for Sunday school teachers to include academic subjects, music, art and physical education."{{cite web|url=http://ciweb.org/about-us/about-chautauqua/our-history|title=Our History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109035909/http://ciweb.org/about-us/about-chautauqua/our-history|archive-date=2013-11-09}}

Harvard University traces its origins in continuing education to 1835 when John Lowell Jr. established the Lowell Institute with a mission to provide free public lectures in Boston. In 1909, then-Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell, who was also a trustee of the Lowell Institute, expanded plans to offer Lowell Institute public courses directly with Harvard. In 1910, Lowell formally established the Havard Extension School, then referred to as the Commission on Extension Courses. The Harvard Extension School now operates under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and is one of the 13 degree-granting schools that makes up Harvard University. The School has remained in continuous operation since 1910.{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://dce.harvard.edu/history|access-date=2023-06-27|website=Harvard Division of Continuing Education|language=en-us}}

Cornell University was among higher education institutions that began offering university-based continuing education, primarily to teachers, through extension courses in the 1870s. As noted in the Cornell Era of February 16, 1877, the university offered a "Tour of the Great Lakes" program for "teachers and others" under the direction of Professor Theodore B. Comstock, head of Cornell's department of geology.{{Cite journal|url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/22175|title=Cornell Era V. 09 1876–1877|first=Cornell University|last=Press|date=March 31, 1877|via=ecommons.cornell.edu}}

The University of Wisconsin–Madison began its continuing education program in 1907.{{cite web|last=Schugurensky|first=Daniel|title=1907: The 'Wisconsin Idea' Brings the University to the Community|work=History of Education: Selected Moments of the 20th Century|publisher=The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto|url=http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schug/assignment1/1907wisconsin.html|access-date=2009-03-01}}{{cite web|last=UW–Extension Chancellor's Office|title=Highlight History of Extension in Wisconsin 1862 to 1999|work=About Us|publisher=The University of Wisconsin–Extension|url=http://www.uwex.edu/about/history/|access-date=2009-03-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529191957/http://www.uwex.edu/about/history/|archive-date=May 29, 2010}} The New School for Social Research, founded in 1919, was initially devoted to adult education.{{cite web|url=http://dmc.newschool.edu:8180/luna/servlet/s/y821b4|title=Archived copy|access-date=2013-01-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624184306/http://dmc.newschool.edu:8180/luna/servlet/s/y821b4|archive-date=2013-06-24}} New School Archives: Course Catalogs In 1969, Empire State College, a unit of the State University of New York, was the first institution in the US to exclusively focus on providing higher education to adult learners. In 1976 the University of Florida created its own Division of Continuing Education and most courses were offered on evenings or weekends to accommodate the schedules of working students.{{Cite web|url=https://dce.ufl.edu/|title=Office of Distance Learning – University of Florida|website=dce.ufl.edu}}

The method of delivery of continuing education can include traditional types of classroom lectures and laboratories. However, many continuing education programs make heavy use of distance education, which not only includes independent study, but can also include videotaped material, broadcast programming or online education which has more recently dominated the distance learning community.

{{Main|Professional development}}

Within the domain of continuing education, professional continuing education is a specific learning activity generally characterized by the issuance of a certificate or continuing education units (CEU) for the purpose of documenting attendance at a designated seminar or course of instruction. Licensing bodies in a number of fields (such as teaching and healthcare) impose continuing education requirementshttps://www.emedevents.com/medical-resources/cme-requirements on members who hold licenses to continue practicing a particular profession. These requirements are intended to encourage professionals to expand their foundations of knowledge and stay up-to-date on new developments.

Depending on the field, these requirements may be satisfied through college or university coursework, extension courses or conferences and seminars attendance. Although individual professions may have different standards, the most widely accepted standard, developed by the International Association for Continuing Education & Training, is that ten contact hours equals one Continuing Education Unit.{{cite web|url=http://www.iacet.org/content/continuing-education-units.html|title=The IACET Standard: Continuing Education Units (CEUs)|publisher=International Association for Continuing Education and Training|access-date=2008-11-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017205043/http://www.iacet.org/content/continuing-education-units.html|archive-date=2008-10-17}} Not all professionals use the CEU convention. For example, the American Psychological Association accredits sponsors of continuing education and uses simply a CE approach. In contrast to the CEU, the CE credit is typically one CE credit for each hour of contact.

In the spring of 2009, Eduventures, a higher education consulting firm, released the results of a study that illustrated that the recession had made a significant impact on the views of prospective continuing education students. A survey of 1,500 adults who planned to enroll in a course or program within the next two years determined that while nearly half of respondents believed that the value of education had risen due to the recession, over two-thirds said the state of the economy had affected their plans to pursue continuing education.[http://chronicle.com/article/Recession-Has-Changed-Views/47151].The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 2, 2009

The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report on the future of work[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/816281518818814423/pdf/2019-WDR-Report.pdf World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work.] explains that flexible learning opportunities at universities and adult learning programs that allow workers to retrain and retool are vital in order for labor markets to adjust to the future of work.

{{Portal|Education}}

• Continuing education unit
• Continuing legal education
• Continuing medical education
• Community education
• Dual enrollment
• E-learning
• Independent scholar
• Lifelong learning
• National Council of Labour Colleges
• Workers' Educational Association in Australia and the UK

{{Reflist}}

• Wilson, A. L., & Hayes, E. (Eds.). (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xWtDphO9eTkC Handbook of adult and continuing education]. John Wiley & Sons. Chicago

• [http://www.upcea.edu University Professional and Continuing Education Association]
• [http://www.iacet.org International Association for Continuing Education & Training]
• [http://www.acheinc.org Association for Continuing Higher Education]
• [http://www.aaace.org American Association for Adult and Continuing Education]
• [http://cauce-aepuc.ca Canadian Association for University Continuing Education]
• [https://www.prweb.com/releases/certificationpoint_offers_innovative_continuing_education_course_to_assist_college_students_career_readiness_via_collaborative_active_learning/prweb11671224.htm Engage-To-Excel Initiative For Continuing Education]
• [http://www.extension.usask.ca/cjuce Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education] contains many researched articles about the field, in French and English.

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Continuing education

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