Control-Alt-Delete#DOS-based Windows
{{Short description|Computer keyboard shortcut that triggers a reboot or system security function}}
{{About|the keyboard combination|section=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018|cs1-dates=y}}
File:Three-finger salute.svg keyboard layout with the position of Control, Alt and Delete keys highlighted]]
Control-Alt-Delete (often abbreviated to Ctrl+Alt+Del and sometimes called the "three-finger salute" or "Security Keys") is a computer keyboard command on IBM PC compatible computers, invoked by pressing the Delete key while holding the Control and Alt keys: {{Keypress|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}}. The function of the key combination differs depending on the context but it generally interrupts or facilitates interrupting a function. For instance, in pre-boot environment (before an operating system starts) or in MS-DOS, Windows 3.0 and earlier versions of Windows or OS/2, the key combination reboots the computer. Starting with Windows 95, the key combination invokes a task manager or security related component that facilitates ending a Windows session or killing a frozen application.
History
The soft reboot function via keyboard was originally designed by David Bradley.{{cite news
|newspaper=Computerworld
|date=3 December 2007
|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2540049/computer-hardware/unsung-innovator
|title=Unsung innovators: David Bradley, inventor of the "three-finger salute
|access-date=2018-10-30
|archive-date=2020-07-28
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728074112/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2540049/unsung-innovators--david-bradley--inventor-of-the--three-finger-salute-.html
|url-status=live
}} Bradley, as the chief engineer of the IBM PC project and developer of the machine's ROM-BIOS, had originally used
{{Keypress|Ctrl|Alt|Esc}}, but found it was too easy to bump the left side of the keyboard and reboot the computer accidentally. According to his own account, Mel Hallerman, who was the chief programmer of the project, therefore suggested switching the key combination to {{Keypress|Ctrl|Alt|Del}} as a safety measure, a combination impossible to press with just one hand on the original IBM PC keyboard.{{r|williams198201}}
The feature was originally conceived only as a development feature for internal use and not intended to be used by end users, as it triggered the reboot without warning or further confirmation—it was meant to be used by people writing programs or documentation so that they could reboot their computers without powering them down. Bill Gates (former Microsoft CEO) remembered it as "just something we were using in development and it wouldn't be available elsewhere". The feature, however, was detailed in IBM's technical reference documentation to the original PC and thereby revealed to the general public.
Bradley viewed this work as just one small task out of many: "It was five minutes, 10 minutes of activity, and then I moved on to the next of the 100 things that needed to get done." In a March 2018 email, one of Bradley's co-workers confirmed the command was invented in 1981 in Boca Raton, Florida.{{cite news|url=http://www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article203595559.html|title=Oops. NC needs to delete ctrl+alt+delete from list of state's inventions|last=Jarvis|first=Craig|work=News & Observer|date=5 March 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404074118/http://www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article203595559.html|url-status=live}}
Bradley is also known for his good-natured jab at Gates at the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the IBM PC on August 8, 2001 at The Tech Museum:
"I have to share the credit. I may have invented it, but I think Bill made it famous."; he quickly added it was a reference to Windows NT logon procedures ("Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete to log on").[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_lg7w8gAXQ&t=46s Control-Alt-Delete: David Bradley & Bill Gates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728074121/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_lg7w8gAXQ&t=46s |date=2020-07-28 }}, video clip from IBM PC 20th Anniversary, Aug 8, 2001 (posted to YouTube on Jan 7, 2011)
During a question and answer presentation on 21 September 2013, Gates said "it was a mistake", referring to the decision to use Ctrl+Alt+Del as the keyboard combination to log into Windows. Gates stated he would have preferred a single button to trigger the same actions, but could not get IBM to add the extra button into the keyboard layout.
BIOS
By default, when the operating system is running in real mode (or in a pre-boot environment, when no operating system is started yet), this keystroke combination is intercepted by the BIOS. The BIOS reacts by performing a soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot).
Examples of such operating systems include DOS, Windows 3.0 in Standard Mode as well as earlier versions of Windows.
Windows
= DOS-based Windows{{Anchor|Local}} =
File:Win98 Close Program Dialog.PNG]]
In Windows 9x and Windows 3.0 running in 386 Enhanced mode, the keystroke combination is recognized by the Windows keyboard device driver. According to the value of the {{mono|LocalReboot}} option in the {{mono|[386Enh]}} section of system.ini, Windows performs one of several actions in response. If {{mono|1=LocalReboot=On}} (default):
- Windows 3.1x displays a blue screen that allows the user to press Enter to end a task that has stopped responding to the system (if such a task exists) or press Control+Alt+Delete again to perform a soft reboot. The text of this rudimentary task manager was written by Steve Ballmer.
- Windows 9x temporarily halts the entire system and displays the Close Program dialog box, a window which lists currently running processes and allows the user to end them (by force, if necessary). The user can press Control+Alt+Delete again to perform a soft reboot.
If {{mono|1=LocalReboot=Off}}, Windows performs a soft reboot.
= Windows NT family =
File:Windows Security screen in Windows 11.png provides various security-related options.]]
File:Windows 11 pre-login.png secure attention screen]]
File:Ctrl-Alt-Del for accessing secure desktop to enter credentials.png for Windows 11, where the user is required to press Ctrl-Alt-Delete first to enter credentials, as a part of avoiding login spoofing.]]
The Windows NT family of operating system, whose members do not have "NT" in their names since Windows 2000, reserve Ctrl+Alt+Delete for the operating system itself. Winlogon, a core component of the operating system,{{cite book
|title=Windows Security Monitoring: Scenarios and Patterns |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1119390877 |isbn=978-1119390879
|author=Andrei Miroshnikov |date=2018 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons |quote=Winlogon is a system component}} responds to the key combination in the following scenarios:
;Invoking Windows Security: When a user is logged onto a Windows computer, pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete invokes Windows Security. It is a graphical user interface that allows user to lock the system,{{efn|When a Windows computer is locked, access to Windows is only allowed when valid credentials are supplied. Unlocking a computer is similar to a logon.}} switch user, log off, change the password, invoke Windows Task Manager, or end the Windows session by shutting down, rebooting or putting the computer into sleep or hibernation; clicking "Cancel" or pressing the Escape key returns the user to where they were.
:The key combination always invokes Windows Security in all versions and editions of Windows NT family except Windows XP. (See below.) Prior to Windows Vista, Windows Security was a dialog box, did not allow user switching and showed the logon date and time, name of user account into which the user has logged on and the computer name. Starting with Windows Vista, Windows Security became full-screen.
;Secure attention: Login spoofing is a social engineering trick in which a malicious computer program with the appearance of a Windows login dialog box prompts for user's account name and password to steal them. To thwart this attack, Windows NT implements an optional security measure in which Ctrl+Alt+Delete acts as a secure attention key combination. Once the protection is activated, Windows requires the user to press Ctrl+Alt+Delete each time before logging on or unlocking the computer. Since the key combination is intercepted by Windows itself and malicious software cannot mimic this behavior,{{efn|The only way to wrest the control of Ctrl+Alt+Delete handling from Windows is to subvert its core components such as kernel or winlogon. However, a malicious program that has succeeded in breaching Windows integrity so deeply does not need to steal a password.}} the trick is thwarted. Unless the Windows computer is part of a Windows domain network, the secure attention protection is disabled by default and must be enabled by the user.
;Windows XP behavior: Windows XP introduces Welcome Screen, a redesigned logon interface. The Welcome Screen of Windows XP, however, does not support the secure attention scenario. It may be disabled in favor of the classic plain logon screen, either explicitly by the user or as a consequence of the Windows XP computer becoming part of a Windows domain network. With that in mind, Windows XP uses the Ctrl+Alt+Delete in the following unique scenarios:
- At a logon prompt, the key combination dismisses Welcome Screen and invokes classic logon user interface.
- When a user is logged on to a Windows XP computer and Welcome Screen is enabled, pressing the key combination invokes Windows Task Manager instead of Windows Security.
:Windows Vista and the next versions of Windows NT did not inherit any of the above.
OS/2
In OS/2, this keystroke combination is recognized by the OS/2 keyboard device driver, which notifies the session manager process. The normal session manager process in OS/2 versions 2.0 and later is the parent Workplace Shell process, which displays the "system is rebooting" window and triggers a soft reboot. If it is pressed twice in succession OS/2 triggers an immediate soft reboot, without waiting for the session manager process.
In both cases, the system flushes the page cache, cleanly unmounts all disc volumes, but does not cleanly shut down any running programs (and thus does not save any unsaved documents, or the current arrangements of the objects on the Workplace Shell desktop or in any of its open folders).
Mac
Ctrl+Alt+Delete is not a keyboard shortcut on macOS. Instead, {{keypress|Command|Option|Esc}} brings up the Force Quit panel. {{keypress|Control|Command|Power}} restarts the computer.
The original Mac OS X Server had an Easter egg in which pressing {{keypress|Control|Option|Delete}} (as the Option key is the equivalent of Alt key on a Mac keyboard) would show an alert saying "This is not DOS!".
Linux
File:Ubuntu 22.10 logging out screenshot.png]]
On some Linux-based operating systems including Ubuntu and Debian, {{keypress|Control|Alt|Delete}} is a shortcut for logging out.
On Ubuntu Server, it is used to reboot a computer without logging in.
Equivalents on various platforms
| class="wikitable"
|+ Desktop operating systems ! Platform ! Key combination ! Function |
| Amiga
| {{key press|Ctrl|Left Amiga|Right Amiga}} | Perform a hardware reboot by sending a reset signal to system via keyboard MCU (+ possible extra keycode + max 10s delay if "reset warning" is supported and in use).{{cite web |last1=Wilen |first1=Toni |title=Is Ctrl-Amiga-Amiga something special? |url=http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=1210941 |website=English Amiga Board |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211516/http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=1210941 |url-status=live }} |
| BIOS
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}} | Perform a soft reboot without memory initialization by jumping to IPL reset vector, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event (on AT compatible machines). |
| DOS + KEYB
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}} | Perform a soft reboot without memory initialization by jumping to IPL reset vector, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event (on AT compatible machines) and flushing disk caches (since DOS 6, or with FreeKEYB loaded). Some 386 memory managers (e.g. QEMM) can intercept and turn this into a quick reboot. If more than one task is running under multitaskers like DR-DOS {{mono|EMM386 /MULTI + TASKMGR}}, this will only kill the currently running foreground task. |
| rowspan="2"| DOS + K3PLUS or FreeKEYB
| {{key press|Shift|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}} | Perform a soft reboot with memory initialization (aka "cold reboot") by jumping to IPL reset vector, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event (on AT compatible machines) and flushing disk caches. |
| {{key press|LShift|RShift|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}}
| Perform a hard reboot by triggering the chipset's reset logic, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event and flushing disk caches. |
| Windows 3.x
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}} | Close unresponsive applications. Performs a soft reboot if pressed twice. |
| Windows 9x
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}} | Bring up "Close Program" dialog box (a simplistic task manager). Performs a soft reboot if pressed twice. |
| rowspan="4" | Windows NT family
| {{key press|Ctrl|Shift|Esc}} | Bring up the Windows Task Manager{{cite web |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A87861_01/NT817EE/em.817/a85251/key.htm |title=Keyboard Shortcuts |website=Oracle Help Center |access-date=2019-08-22 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822211212/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A87861_01/NT817EE/em.817/a85251/key.htm |url-status=live }} |
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}}
|
|website=Microsoft.com |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/301583/list-of-the-keyboard-shortcuts-that-are-available-in-windows-xp |title=List of the keyboard shortcuts that are available in Windows XP |access-date=2019-08-22 |archive-date=2019-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826003102/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/301583/list-of-the-keyboard-shortcuts-that-are-available-in-windows-xp |url-status=live }} |
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|End}}
|Used in Terminal Services to send the command to the remote session / application:
|url=https://www.instructables.com/id/List-of-Windows-keyboard-shortcuts |title=List of Windows Keyboard Shortcuts |access-date=2019-08-22 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822222700/https://www.instructables.com/id/List-of-Windows-keyboard-shortcuts/ |url-status=live }}
|
| {{key press|Ctrl}}, {{key press|ScrollLock}} (twice)
|Causes a user-initiated crash (disabled by default; must be enabled with registry editing){{cite web |website=Microsoft Learn |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/forcing-a-system-crash-from-the-keyboard |title=Forcing a system crash from the keyboard |access-date=2023-12-15 |language=en }} An equivalent function is {{key press|Ctrl|NumLock}} (with {{key press|Ctrl}} held down and pressing {{key press|NumLock}} twice){{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-02-28 |title=Cómo causar manualmente BSOD en Windows: 6 formas paso a paso |url=https://tecnotuto.com/windows/como-causar-manualmente-bsod-en-windows-6-formas-paso-a-paso/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=TecnoTuto |language=es}} |
| rowspan="3"| OS/2
| {{key press|Ctrl|Esc}} | Bring up the Window List (unblocking the synchronous input queue){{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/IBMOS2Warp4FoundationLevelTrainingManual/IBM+OS2+Warp+4+Foundation+Level+Training+Manual_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "IBM OS 2 Warp 4 Foundation Level Training Manual"|year=2001}} |
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}}
| Perform a soft reboot |
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt}}, {{key press|NumLock}} (twice)
| Halt the system and begin a system dump to floppy disk |
| rowspan="2"| TOS (1.4 and higher), MiNT
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}} | Perform soft reboot without memory initialization (warm boot) |
| {{key press|RShift|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}}
| Perform soft reboot with memory initialization (cold boot) |
| rowspan="2"| Linux
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}} | Signal the init process (usually configured to soft reboot){{cite web |url=https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/ctrl-alt-delete-97597 |title=Ctrl+Alt+Delete |access-date=2019-08-22 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822221211/https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/ctrl-alt-delete-97597/ |url-status=live }} |
| {{key press|Alt|SysRq|function key}}
| Magic SysRq key: Depending on the function key, performs a certain low-level function. Examples: sync (flush caches), reboot (forced soft reboot), unmount (remount filesystems readonly), etc. |
| rowspan="5"| macOS
| {{key press|Option|Command|Esc}} |
| {{keypress|Cmd|⌃ Control|⏏ Media Eject}} |
| {{Nowrap|{{keypress|Cmd|Option|⌃ Control|⏏ Media Eject}}}} |
| {{keypress|Control|⏏ Media Eject}} |
| {{keypress|Control|Command|Power}} |
| BeOS
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Shift}} and click an application's entry in the Deskbar | Kills application{{cite web |url=http://betips.net/1997/09/09/kill-and-restart-the-tracker |title=The Haiku/BeOS Tip Server: Kill and restart the Tracker |access-date=2019-08-22 |archive-date=2017-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205165257/http://betips.net/1997/09/09/kill-and-restart-the-tracker/ |url-status=dead }} |
| rowspan="2"| Xfce
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Esc}} + click on window |
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}}
| Lock the screen and invoke the screensaver |
| X Window System
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Backspace}} | Immediately kills the X server (the key combination can be disabled). When using an X Display Manager, it will usually start the X server again. |
| BBC Micro running Acorn MOS
|
|
|
| Amstrad PCW on CP/M
|{{key press|Shift|Extra|Exit}} | |
| class="wikitable"
|+ Other platforms ! Platform ! Key combination ! Function |
| TI-30XIIS
| {{key press|On|Clear}} | Restarts the calculator and clears RAM |
| TI-80, TI-81, TI-82, TI-83, TI-84
| {{key press|Mode}}, {{key press|Alpha}}, {{key press|S}} | Shows ROM version number. [Enter] enters self test mode |
| TI-85, TI-86
| {{key press|2nd}}, {{key press|Mode}}, {{key press|Alpha}}, {{key press|S}} | Shows ROM version number. [Enter] enters self test mode |
| rowspan="3"| TI-89
| {{key press|2nd|Left|Right|On}} | Restarts the calculator and clears RAM |
| {{Key press|Esc|On}}
| Force break without restarting RAM |
| {{Key press|F5}}, {{Key press|◆|Clear}}, {{Key press|Alpha|S}}
| Enter self test mode |
| Natural display Casio calculators
| {{key press|Shift|7|On}} | Restarts the calculator and clears RAM and EEPROM. Continue pressing Shift to advance through self-test mode. |
| TI-99/4A
| {{key press|FCTN|{{=}}}} | Resets machine back to startup screen. |
| Voyage 200
| {{key press|2nd|Hand|On}} | Restarts the calculator and clears RAM |
| rowspan="2"| HP-48
| {{key press|On|C}} | Restarts RPL, clearing the Stack and PICT, closing IO, and returning to the HOME directory (but not purging the memory) |
| {{key press|On|A|F}}
| As above, but also purges the memory |
| Scientific Atlanta Explorer DHCT Samsung cable boxes | {{key press|Volume Down|Volume Up|Info}} (on settop box; not remote) | Reboots box |
| rowspan="3"| Foxtel Set-top-boxes
| {{key press|Back|Select}} (on box; except UEC 720) | rowspan="3"| Power cycles the machine. |
| {{key press|Standby|Foxtel}} (on box; UEC 720) |
| {{key press|Back|Select|Reset}} (on box; iQ2) |
| C64
| {{key press|Run/Stop|Restore}} | Warm starts the machine, does not work if CPU has crashed or NMI is blocked in hardware or rerouted. |
| Amazon Fire TV
|{{key press|Select|Play/Pause}} (on remote) |Reboots the device |
| class="wikitable"
|+ Virtual machine platforms ! Platform ! Key combination ! Function |
| VMware
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Insert}} | Send the command to the virtual machine. |
| Microsoft Virtual PC
| {{key press|RAlt|Delete}} | Send the command to the virtual machine. |
| Windows Virtual PC for Windows 7
| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|End}} | Send the command to the virtual machine. |
| Oracle VM VirtualBox
| {{key press|Host|Delete}} | Send the command to the virtual machine. |
Cultural adoption
File:GroenLinks demonstration 20041002 CtrlAltDel-crop.JPG plan"]]
As computers became ubiquitous, so too, has the jargon. Control-Alt-Delete can also mean "dump," or "do away with".
The keystrokes are well known and infamous for escaping from problems in pop culture. For example, in the Billy Talent song "Perfect World", part of the lyrics include the sequence and associate it with resetting their memory and escaping from a situation: "Control-Alt-Deleted. Reset my memory."
See also
Notes
{{Notelist}}
References
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Cite book |title=IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference
|publisher=IBM Corporation |edition=Revised |date=March 1983 }}
{{Cite book |title=IBM Personal Computer AT Technical Reference |publisher=IBM Corporation |series=IBM Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library |edition=Revised |volume=0, 1, 2 |date=March 1986 |orig-year=1984-03 |id=1502494, 6139362, 6183310, 6183312, 6183355, 6280070, 6280099}}
{{Cite book |title=System BIOS for IBM PC/XT/AT Computers and Compatibles — The Complete Guide to ROM-Based System Software |author=Phoenix Technologies, Ltd. |author-link=Phoenix Technologies |series=Phoenix Technical Reference Series |publisher=Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. |edition=1st |orig-year=1987 |date=1989 |isbn=0-201-51806-6}}
{{Cite news |author-first=Virginia |author-last=Hughes |title=The History of CTRL + ALT + DELETE |work=mental floss
|date=12 July 2013 |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/51674/history-ctrl-alt-delete |access-date=2013-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910180226/http://mentalfloss.com/article/51674/history-ctrl-alt-delete |archive-date=2017-09-10}}
{{cite web |author-last=Smith |author-first=Gina |date=3 December 2007 |publisher=Computerworld |title=Unsung innovators: David Bradley, inventor of the "three-finger salute" |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9046742 |access-date=2009-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715050917/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9046742/Unsung_innovators_David_Bradley_inventor_of_the_three_finger_salute_ |archive-date=2014-07-15}}
{{cite web |author-last=Needleman |author-first=Rafe |title=Happy 30th Birthday to the IBM PC |work=CNET |publisher=CBS Interactive |date=15 August 2011 |url=http://cnettv.cnet.com/9742-1_53-50109594.html |access-date=2013-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181652/https://www.cnet.com/videos/happy-30th-birthday-to-the-ibm-pc/ |archive-date=2017-09-10}}
{{Cite web |author-first=Abe |author-last=Aamidor |title=Thank this guy for 'control-alt-delete' |publisher=Indianapolis Star |url=http://www.gannettonline.com/e/trends/18001162.html |access-date=2010-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181929/http://www.gannettonline.com/e/trends/18001162.html |archive-date=2017-09-10}}
{{cite web |title=Why is Control-Alt-Delete the secure attention sequence (SAS)? |author-last=Osterman |author-first=Larry |work=Larry Osterman's WebLog |publisher=MSDN Blogs |date=24 January 2005 |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/larryosterman/archive/2005/01/24/359850.aspx |access-date=2007-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910185927/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/larryosterman/2005/01/24/why-is-control-alt-delete-the-secure-attention-sequence-sas/ |archive-date=2017-09-10}}
{{cite web |title=Windows 3.1 Resource Kit SYSTEM.INI 386ENH Section A–L |work=Microsoft's KnowledgeBase article 83435 |edition=1.0 |date=30 July 2001 |orig-year=1992 |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q83435/ |access-date=2005-01-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320221651/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/83435 |archive-date=2016-03-20 |quote=From {{mono|SYSINI.WRI}} in Microsoft Windows Resource Kit for Windows 3.1: LocalReboot=
{{cite web |author-last=Bright |author-first=Peter |title=If Bill Gates really thinks ctrl-alt-del was a mistake, he should have fixed it himself |work=Ars Technica |publisher=Condé Nast |date=27 September 2013 |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/09/if-bill-gates-really-thinks-ctrl-alt-del-was-a-mistake-he-should-have-fixed-it-himself/ |access-date=2013-10-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910180227/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/09/if-bill-gates-really-thinks-ctrl-alt-del-was-a-mistake-he-should-have-fixed-it-himself/ |archive-date=2017-09-10}}
{{citation |title=FreeKEYB - Enhanced DOS keyboard and console driver |edition=v6.5 |author-first1=Matthias R. |author-last1=Paul |author-first2=Axel C. |author-last2=Frinke |type=User Manual |date=13 October 1997 |orig-year=first published 1991}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190309194320/http://sta.c64.org/dosprg/fk657p1.zip] (NB. FreeKEYB is a Unicode-based dynamically configurable successor of K3PLUS supporting most keyboard layouts, code pages, and country codes.)
|title=FreeKEYB - Advanced international DOS keyboard and console driver |edition=v7 preliminary (v6.58) |author-first1=Matthias R. |author-last1=Paul |author-first2=Axel C. |author-last2=Frinke |type=User Manual |date=16 January 2006}}
{{cite book |author-first=Ed |author-last=Iacobucci |author-link=Ed Iacobucci |title=Das OS/2-Buch |trans-title=OS/2 Programmer's Guide |publisher=Osborne / McGraw-Hill Book Company GmbH |place=Hamburg |date=1988 |publication-date=1989 |edition=1st |isbn=3-89028-151-6 |language=de}}
{{cite book |author-first1=Robert M. |author-last1=Albrecht |author-first2=Michael |author-last2=Plura |title=Das große Buch zu OS/2 Version 2 |publisher=Data Becker |place=Düsseldorf |date=1993 |edition=1st |isbn=3-89011-598-5 |language=de}}
{{cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1343 |title=Mac keyboard shortcuts |publisher=Apple, Inc. |access-date=2008-10-25 |archive-date=2014-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025150530/http://support.apple.com/kb/ht1343 |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TS2298 |title=Mac OS X 10.4 or earlier: Computer stops responding |publisher=Apple, Inc. |access-date=2008-10-25 |archive-date=2008-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016094903/http://support.apple.com/kb/TS2298 |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |title=Bill Gates: Control-Alt-Delete a mistake |author-first=Doug |author-last=Gross |publisher=CNN |date=26 September 2013 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/tech/innovation/bill-gates-control-alt-delete/ |access-date=2013-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130926190649/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/26/tech/innovation/bill-gates-control-alt-delete/ |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}
{{cite web |author-last=Chen |author-first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Chen (Microsoft) |title=Who wrote the text for the Ctrl+Alt+Del dialog in Windows 3.1? |website=The Old New Thing |publisher=Microsoft |date=2 September 2014 |url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20140902-00/?p=93 |access-date=2014-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910183043/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20140902-00/?p=93%2F |archive-date=10 September 2017 }}
{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n37/mode/2up |title=A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer |work=BYTE |date=January 1982 |access-date=2013-10-19 |author-last=Williams |author-first=Gregg |volume=7 |number=1 |pages=36}}
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Further reading
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- Linux manual pages for kill(2) and reboot(2).
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External links
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mpo6rgvOVGc David Bradley explaining how he invented Ctrl-Alt-Delete], at GreatBigStory. Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/Mpo6rgvOVGc ghostarchive.org] on 2022 May 24.
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