Cooperatives in the First Intifada

{{see also|Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}

On 9 December 1987, an Israeli truck driver collided with and killed four Palestinians in the Jabalia refugee camp. The incident sparked the largest wave of Palestinian unrest since the Israeli occupation began in 1967: the First Intifada. During the early stages, the Intifada was largely characterised by a non-violent campaign led by a decentralised, grassroots leadership, with actions including labour strikes, tax strikes, boycotts of Israeli goods, boycotts of Israeli institutions, demonstrations, the establishment of underground classrooms and cooperatives, raisings of the banned Palestinian flag, and civil disobedience.{{cite web|date=1 May 2010|title=Palestinians wage nonviolent campaign during First Intifada, 1987-1988|url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/palestinians-wage-nonviolent-campaign-during-first-intifada-1987-1988|author-last=Tedla|author-first=Aden|access-date=6 January 2025|work=Global Nonviolent Action Database}}{{cite web|date=8 December 2000|title=Intifada: Then and now|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1061537.stm|author-last=Kafala|author-first=Tarik|access-date=14 January 2025|work=BBC News|quote=Youths confronted the soldiers with stones and petrol bombs - but unlike the current violence, the demonstrators were at no stage armed with guns. Much of the Palestinian resistance was non-violent. It included demonstrations, strikes, boycotting Israeli goods and the civil administration in the occupied territories, and the creation of independent schools and alternative social and political institutions. One of the main achievements of the intifada was to draw world attention to the plight of Palestinians under the occupation - in particular the brutal measures used by the Israelis against the uprising. The Israeli secret services infiltrated and executed organisers of the uprising.}}{{cite web|date=8 December 2016|title=Remembering the First Intifada|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20161208-remembering-the-first-intifada/|author-last=Allouche|author-first=Yasmina|access-date=14 January 2025|work=Middle East Monitor|quote=The protests began with general strikes and the boycott of Israeli civil institutions across the Gaza Strip and the occupied West Bank with many Palestinians who travelled to Israel to work or who worked in Israeli settlements taking part in an economic boycott. This included refusal to pay taxes, to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licences, working in unskilled or semi-skilled jobs, barricading roads and – what would go on to define Palestinian resistance – stone throwing at Israeli tanks and infrastructure. Israel responded by deploying around 80,000 soldiers to break-up the protests which included spraying the crowd with bullets and killing scores of Palestinians.}} The Israeli government responded to the breakout of the Intifada with a harsh crackdown, however, and the Intifada grew more violent during its last stages, including Palestinian internal political violence against rumoured collaborators.{{cite web|date=13 December 2012|title=The First Intifada: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Was Transformed|url=https://www.haaretz.com/2012-12-13/ty-article/.premium/first-intifada-a-watershed-moment/0000017f-f0c7-df98-a5ff-f3eff7690000|author-last=Sela|author-first=Avraham|access-date=14 January 2025|work=Haaretz|quote=Some Palestinians adopted the idea of nonviolence, which guided the uprising in its initial stage, but this approach ultimately collapsed under the weight of the violence and counterviolence... The longer it lasted, the more it shifted from civil rebellion demonstrations, work strikes and a boycott of Israeli products to increasingly uncontrolled violence against both Israel and internal “traitors.”}}{{cite web|date=1 November 2001|title=VI. BALANCING SECURITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS DURING THE INTIFADA|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/pa/isrpa1101-04.htm|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=14 January 2025|work=Human Rights Watch|quote=During the first Intifada, before the PA was established, hundreds of alleged collaborators were lynched, tortured or killed, at times with the implied support of the PLO.}} By the end of the Intifada, over a thousand Palestinians had been killed and over a hundred thousand injured by Israeli forces, with around two hundred Israelis having been killed by Palestinians. The First Intifada would come to an end with several high-profile peace negotiations, including the Madrid Conference of 1991 and the 1993 Oslo Accords.{{cite web|date=22 March 2019|title=What you need to know about the 1987 Intifada|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/uncategorized/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-1987-intifada/|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=14 January 2025|work=PBS}}

In 1989, Roderick Shaw of Tribune wrote:

A local Palestinian activist told me that Israeli occupation had made life difficult, long before the intifada. He said that villages around Hebron were slowly running down because Israeli authorities denied them permission to connect water and electricity. To build anywhere requires satisfying a long set of rules, and often takes two years. Palestinian farmers are also prevented from exporting most of their produce, or even selling it in Israel. Whereas Israeli products flood the occupied territories every year, threatening to drown local producers. Since the intifada began Palestinians have increasingly boycotted Israeli goods, relying more on their growing cottage industries. Kiryat Arba settlers have no such problems. They live in modern buildings with adequate electricity and water supplies. They even have a factory built at public expense to provide them with employment.{{cite web|date=1 February 1989|title=Palestinian Life, And The Intifada, Goes On|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/259488906|author-last=Shaw|author-first=Roderick|access-date=12 January 2025|work=Tribune}}

As part of the Intifada, Palestinians boycotted Israeli goods and jobs, as well as the services offered by the Israeli Civil Administration, and set up a number of economic cooperatives to increase their own economical self-reliance, particularly in the food industries.{{cite web|date=6 February 1988|title=From Palestinian Rage, New Leadership Rises|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/06/world/from-palestinian-rage-new-leadership-rises.html|author-last=Kifner|author-first=John|access-date=12 January 2025|work=The New York Times}}{{cite web|date=15 May 1988|title=Israelis and Palestinians Change Their Tactics but Not Their Goals|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/15/world/israelis-and-palestinians-change-their-tactics-but-not-their-goals.html|author-last=Kifner|author-first=John|access-date=12 January 2025|work=The New York Times}} According to Sumud – The Finnish Palestine Network co-founder Majed Abusalama: "women grew food at homes and on rooftops and founded agricultural cooperatives which they called victory gardens, to create an autonomous Palestinian economy and enable the boycott of Israeli products."{{cite web|date=9 May 2020|title=My first lockdown was during the first Intifada|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/5/9/my-first-lockdown-was-during-the-first-intifada/|author-last=Abusalama|author-first=Majed|access-date=12 January 2025|work=Al Jazeera}} According to journalist Judith Gabriel, "heading the list of tangible, self-sustaining projects encouraged by the popular committees was the revival of household economies. The idea was simple: with little initial capital, a family with two goats, a few chickens, and rabbits, could produce their own milk, eggs, and meat; and by cultivating a garden, fruit, vegetables, wheat, and fodder as well."{{cite journal|date=1 September 1988|title=The Economic Side of the Intifadah|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537606|author-last=Gabriel|author-first=Judith|access-date=12 January 2025|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=198–213 |doi=10.2307/2537606 |jstor=2537606 }}

The Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committee played a significant role in disseminating information on how to grow vegetables in the victory gardens, and distributed hundreds of thousands of seed packets by mid 1988. The American Near East Refugee Aid NGO was also active in supporting the establishment of agricultural cooperatives in Palestine during the First Intifada, including in the purchasing of equipment, training of farmers, and the establishment of mobile veterinary clinics.{{cite web|date=1 January 2024|title=1985 – 1994: Pioneering Agricultural Development in Palestine|url=https://www.anera.org/what-we-do/agriculture/history-lasting-impact-palestinian-agriculture/|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=12 January 2025|work=American Near East Refugee Aid}}

Cooperatives were not limited to the growth of food. For example, one cooperative in Beit Sahour focused on providing tools and pesticides to agricultural cooperatives, and others focused on planting trees, with the Al-Shabaka, The Palestinian Policy Network stating that "over 500,000 trees were planted across Palestine between 1987 and 1989" as a result of the Intifada cooperatives.{{cite web|date=27 August 2024|title=Food Sovereignty in a Palestinian Economy of Resistance|url=https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/food-sovereignty-in-a-palestinian-economy-of-resistance/|author-last=Nimer|author-first=Fathi|access-date=12 January 2025|work=Al-Shabaka, The Palestinian Policy Network}} Other focused focused on the production of textiles, medical supplies, and cleaning public spaces.{{cite web|date=1 January 2024|title=When pickles become a weapon|url=https://www.palmuseum.org/en/museum-from-home/stories-from-palestine/when-pickles-become-weapon|author-last=|author-first=|access-date=12 January 2025|work=The Palestinian Museum}}

As part of its general response to the Intifada, the Israeli government banned the popular committees that organised many of the grassroots actions in Palestine and significantly increased its efforts to recruit collaborators.{{cite web|date=8 August 2021|title=Non-Hierarchical Revolution: Grassroots Politics in the First Palestinian Intifada|url=https://omerjournal.com/2021/08/08/non-hierarchical-revolution-grassroots-politics-in-the-first-palestinian-intifada/|author-last=McGinn|author-first=Jack|access-date=12 January 2025|work=The Oxford Middle East Review}} Members who worked in cooperative projects faced higher likelihoods of being arrested by the Israeli military. The Israeli government also tried to specifically counter the growth of agricultural cooperatives during the Intifada. It took a number of measures, including ordering town markets to be closed, banning the transport of produce between Palestinian districts, restricting the ability of Palestinians to obtain permission to export produce to the Kingdom of Jordan, and bulldozing Palestinian fields. The frequent curfews imposed by the Israeli military, confining Palestinians to their homes, also had the effect of impeding Palestinians from tending to their gardens.

Beit Sahour, a majority Christian town in the West Bank, became a prominent symbol of the First Intifada due its comprehensive tax strike during the uprising, and the subsequent 42-day blockade of the town imposed by the Israeli military. The town also gained prominence for its efforts to set up a dairy cooperative during the Intifada, by buying eighteen cows from a sympathetic Jewish kibbutz and sending a university student from the town abroad to consult with experts on dairy farming techniques.{{cite web|date=12 June 2015|title=The 18 Palestinian Cows That Threatened Israel's Security|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-18-palestinian-cows-that-threatened-israels-security/|author-last=Gharib|author-first=Ali|access-date=12 January 2025|work=The Nation}}

The Israeli military, however, reacted harshly to the creation of the dairy cooperative, declaring it a threat to national security and ordering the town's residents to close the cooperative, or else it would be destroyed. The residents subsequently hid the cows, sometimes inside their homes, and covertly distributed the milk the cows produced, and for four years evaded repeated attempts by the Israeli military to search the village and seize the cows.{{cite web|date=27 June 2013|title=A true story of bovine resistance|url=https://mondoweiss.net/2013/06/story-bovine-resistance/|author-last=Rothchild|author-first=Alice|access-date=12 January 2025|work=Mondoweiss}}

In 2014, a Palestinian-Canadian animated documentary film was released about the Beit Sahour dairy cooperative, titled The Wanted 18.{{cite web | url=https://www.nfb.ca/film/wanted_18/ | title=The Wanted 18 }}

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Category:First Intifada

Category:1980s in the Israeli Military Governorate

Category:1990s in Palestine

Category:Politics of Palestine

Category:Cooperatives