Copyright Evidence
{{Short description|Encyclopedia of empirical studies on copyright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox website
| logo = Copyright_Evidence_logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Copyright Evidence wiki 20231208.png
| screenshot_size = 250px
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| collapsible = Yes
| caption = Copyright Evidence wiki home page in December 2023
| url = {{URL|https://copyrightevidence.org}}
| commercial = No
| type = {{unbulleted list|Internet encyclopedia project|Wiki}}
| registration = Optional (required to edit pages)
| language = English
| owner = University of Glasgow
| author =
| alexa =
| launch_date = 2014
| current_status = Active
| content_license = Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0
}}
Copyright Evidence is an English language wiki encyclopedia of empirical studies on copyright. The website categorises legal studies on copyright through open collaboration and the use of wiki-based editing system MediaWiki. It exists to inform the public and policy development based on evidence. It was setup and run by CREATe at the University of Glasgow.{{Cite web |url=https://www.copyrightevidence.org/evidence-wiki/index.php/Copyright_Evidence |title=Copyright Evidence |website=www.copyrightevidence.org |language=en |access-date=2018-09-29}}
History
Copyright Evidence was established in 2014 by Theo Koutmeridis, Kris Erickson, and Martin Kretschmer, as a project undertaken by the CREATe research centre.{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyrightevidence.org/evidence-wiki/index.php/Copyright_Evidence|title=Copyright Evidence|website=www.copyrightevidence.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-22}} The project aims to be a consolidated and interdisciplinary “central source” for evidence-based copyright studies,{{Cite news|url=https://www.create.ac.uk/blog/2018/03/09/research-blog-series-copyright-evidence-wiki/|title=Research Blog Series: The Copyright Evidence Wiki|date=2018-03-09|work=CREATe|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-GB}} where users can examine findings and methodology transparently.
An editorial board was established in December 2017, which included the appointment of a sub-editor responsible for growing the existing base of studies.{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyrightevidence.org/evidence-wiki/index.php/Copyright_Evidence|title=Copyright Evidence|website=www.copyrightevidence.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-22}}
Methodology
Initial studies eligible for Copyright Evidence were identified using a snowball sampling methodology, beginning with a literature review by Watson, Zizzo and Fleming.{{Cite web|url=https://www.create.ac.uk/publications/determinants-and-welfare-implications-of-unlawful-file-sharing-a-scoping-review/|title=Determinants and Welfare Implications of Unlawful File Sharing: A Scoping Review|date=2014-04-09|website=CREATe|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-10-22}} Thereafter: 103 working papers and pre-prints were identified through the SSRN e-journal Intellectual Property: Empirical Studies (published between November 1996 and July 2015);{{Cite web|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/sample_issues/1649836_CMBO.html|title=Intellectual Property: Empirical Studies eJournal :: SSRN|website=papers.ssrn.com|access-date=2018-10-22}} 81 studies via literature reviews by Handke,{{Cite web|url=http://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/pgasite/documents/webpage/pga_063399.pdf|title=Economic Effects of Copyright: The Empirical Evidence So Far. The Committee on the Impact of Copyright Policy on Innovation in the Digital Era|last=Handke|first=C|date=22 October 2018}} Kretschmer,{{Cite journal|last=Kretschmer|first=Martin|date=2012|title=Does Copyright Law Matter? An Empirical Analysis of Creators' Earnings|journal=SSRN Working Paper Series|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2063735|issn=1556-5068}} and Kheria;{{Cite journal|last=Kheria|first=S|date=2013|title=Copyright and Digital Art Practice: The 'Schizophrenic'Position of the Digital Artist|journal=Leonardo Electronic Almanac|volume=19|issue=4}} and 50 governmental reports as proposed by CREATe doctoral candidates.
Ongoing growth of Copyright Evidence is achieved by search-based identifications. A literature review, conducted by the University of Illinois,{{Cite news|url=https://www.create.ac.uk/blog/2018/03/09/research-blog-series-copyright-evidence-wiki/|title=Research Blog Series: The Copyright Evidence Wiki|date=2018-03-09|work=CREATe|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-GB}} confirmed the veracity and comprehensiveness of Copyright Evidence in late-2018.
Format
Copyright Evidence catalogues all “empirical studies on copyright in an attempt to inform policy interventions based on rigorous evidence”.{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyrightevidence.org/evidence-wiki/images/a/a4/WikiManual.pdf|title=A Guide to using the Copyright Evidence Wiki|last=CREATe|date=2016}} Permitted studies may also include multi-disciplinary elements, and do not need to be strictly legal in nature. Copyright Evidence is currently closed for unauthenticated user submissions, with relevant studies being identified and coded by a community of CREATe research assistants.
Each entry details the main findings of the relevant study, a description of the data involved, and relevant policy considerations. Studies are also categorised (amongst other factors) by country, JEL code, and research method. Iconographic indicators are used to identify the relevant industry, fundamental issues, and policy areas.
Findings
Copyright Evidence currently holds details of over 600 evidence-based studies on copyright, and acts as a dynamic literature review platform which is open to text and data mining.
Mining and visualisation tools were explored during the 2016 EUHackathon,{{Cite news|url=https://www.kl.nl/en/news/euhackathon-2016-visualising-copyright-evidence/|title=EUHackathon 2016: visualising copyright evidence {{!}} Kennisland|work=Kennisland|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-US}}{{Cite news|url=https://copyrightliteracy.org/2016/08/24/eu-hackathon-visualizing-copyright-evidence/|title=EU Hackathon: Visualizing Copyright Evidence|date=2016-08-24|work=UK Copyright Literacy|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|url=https://codeweek.eu/view/11774/2016-euhackahton-visualising-copyright-evidence|title=Europe Code Week|website=codeweek.eu|language=en|access-date=2018-10-22}} which identified certain clusters of cross-referencing between key related studies. Governmental reports, for example, tend to cross-reference other governmental reports, but less so academic evidence on copyright.{{Cite news|url=https://www.create.ac.uk/blog/2018/03/09/research-blog-series-copyright-evidence-wiki/|title=Research Blog Series: The Copyright Evidence Wiki|date=2018-03-09|work=CREATe|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-GB}}
Copyright Evidence visualisations provide summary statistics on the landscape of the indexed studies.{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyrightevidence.org/evidence-wiki/index.php/Example_Visualisations|title=Example Visualisations - Copyright Evidence|website=www.copyrightevidence.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-22}} These demonstrate how the majority of copyright studies focus on: (a) the sound recording and music publishing industry; (b) understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour, user-generated content, social media), and; (c) enforcement (quantifying infringement, criminal sanctions, intermediary liability, graduated response, litigation & court data, commercial VS non-commercial, education & awareness).{{Cite web|url=https://www.epip2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/EPIP-Koutmeridis-WikiLaunch.pdf|title=CopyrightEvidence.org|author1=Erickson, K. |author2=Koutmeridis, T. |author3=Kretschmer, M. |author4=McHugh, A.|date=2015}}{{Citation|publisher=EPIP 2015|title=EPIP 10th Annual Conference: CREATe Copyright Evidence WiKi|date=2015-09-22|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14DxSm2E5VU|access-date=2018-10-22}}
Copyright Evidence is cited as a resource to support the use of empirical evidence in informing copyright policy.{{Cite book|title=Reconciling Copyright with Cumulative Creativity: The Third Paradigm|last=Frosio|first=G|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Limited|year=2018|location=Cheltenham}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.core-econ.org/the-economic-effects-of-copyright/|title=The economic effects of copyright - CORE|date=2017-03-20|work=CORE|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-US}}CopyrightAgency (2015) Submission to Productivity Commission Intellectual Property Arrangements Issues Paper (November 2015) at p13European Commission (2012) Evaluation of the application of Regulation 386/2012 Final Report at p36