Coral sand
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{{Short description|Carbonate sand formed in warm oceans}}
Coral sand is a form of aragonite sand particles originating in tropical and sub-tropical marine environments primarily from bioerosion of limestone skeletal material of marine organisms. Often, this is due to corallivores, such as parrotfish, which excrete sand after digestion.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1028214189 |title=Biology of parrotfishes |date=2018 |others=Andrew S. Hoey, Roberta Martini Bonaldo |isbn=978-1-315-11807-9 |location=Boca Raton, FL |oclc=1028214189}} However, the term "coral" in coral sand is used loosely in this sense to mean limestone of recent biological origin; corals are not the dominant contributors of sand particles to most such deposits. Rather, coral sand is a mix of coral and/or remnant skeletal fragments of foraminifera,{{Cite journal |last1=Yamano |first1=H. |last2=Miyajima |first2=T. |last3=Koike |first3=I. |date=2000-04-01 |title=Importance of foraminifera for the formation and maintenance of a coral sand cay: Green Island, Australia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050226 |journal=Coral Reefs |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=51–58 |doi=10.1007/s003380050226 |s2cid=43843977 |issn=1432-0975}} calcareous algae, molluscs, and crustaceans . Because it is composed of limestone, coral sand is acid-soluble.
Environmental issues
Coral sand mining is a significant industry in some areas, and can have damaging environmental effects. Over 500,000 tons of coral sand were mined annually from Mauritius until being banned in October 2001. Many Comoros beaches have been scarred by sand mining. Over 250 tons of shells and corals were exported from Tanzania in 1974.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Exploitive collection has moved from the depleted areas off Tanzania and Kenya to the islands of Zanzibar and Mafia.
Such extensive mining can be very harmful to reef ecosystems and beaches. It is estimated that, at the current rate of consumption, the supply of living coral rock from inner atoll ‘faros’ in North Malé will be exhausted within 30 years.{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Barbara E. |last2=Dunne |first2=Richard P. |date=1988 |title=The Environmental Impact of Coral Mining on Coral Reefs in the Maldives |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/abs/environmental-impact-of-coral-mining-on-coral-reefs-in-the-maldives/F40B762444F2044FC2EED10829EE8DBF |journal=Environmental Conservation |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=159–165 |doi=10.1017/S0376892900028976 |s2cid=85707744 |issn=1469-4387}}
See also
Notes
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{{Corals|state=collapsed}}
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