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Coreidae

{{Short description|Family of insects}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| oldest_fossil = Cretaceous

| image = Anoplocnemis curvipes.jpg

| image_caption = Anoplocnemis curvipes with typical enlarged hind femora

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| taxon = Coreidae

| authority = Leach, 1815

| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies

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File:Acanthocephala terminalis egg depositing.webm, family Coreidae and tribe Acanthocephalini, deposits an egg before flying off.]]

Coreidae is a large family of predominantly sap-sucking insects in the Hemipteran suborder Heteroptera.{{cite book |vauthors=Gordh G, Headrick, DH |title = A Dictionary of Entomology |publisher = CABI Publishing |year = 2000}} The name "Coreidae" derives from the genus Coreus, which derives from the Ancient Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|κόρις}} ({{grc-tr|κόρις}}) meaning bedbug.{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/coreidi/|title = Corèidi in Vocabolario - Treccani}}

As a family, the Coreidae are cosmopolitan, but most of the species are tropical or subtropical.

Common names and significance

The common names of the Coreidae vary regionally. Leaf-footed bug refers to leaf-like expansions on the legs of some species, generally on the hind tibiae. In North America, the pest status of species such as Anasa tristis on squash plants and other cucurbits gave rise to the name squash bugs.{{cite book |author=Baranowski, R M |title= Coreidae of Florida (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |publisher = Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services |year = 1986}}{{cite book |author=Hawkins, R D |title= Shieldbugs of Surrey |publisher= Surrey Wildlife Trust |year= 2003}} The Coreidae are called twig-wilters or tip-wilters in parts of Africa and Australia because many species feed on young twigs, injecting enzymes that macerate the tissues of the growing tips and cause them to wilt abruptly.{{cite book |author1=Alan Weaving |author2=Mike Picker |author3=Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn |title=Field Guide to Insects of South Africa |publisher=New Holland Publishers, Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=1-86872-713-0 }}{{cite book|author1=Jorge E. Peña|author2=Jennifer L. Sharp|author3=M. Wysoki|title=Tropical Fruit Pests and Pollinators: Biology, Economic Importance, Natural Enemies, and Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_BSs0hrAPAC&pg=PA237|year=2002|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-0-85199-976-0|pages=237–}}

Morphology and appearance

The Coreidae commonly are oval-shaped, with antennae composed of four segments, numerous veins in the membrane of the fore wings, and externally visible repugnatorial stink glands. They vary in size from 7 to 45 mm long, which implies that the family includes some of the biggest species of Heteroptera. The body shape is quite variable; some species are broadly oval, others are elongated with parallel sides, and a few are slender. Many species with the "leaf-footed" tibiae are very slender with conspicuous expansions of the hind tibiae, but some robust species also have decided expansions. Some species are covered with spines and tubercles. As an example of these, the tribe Phyllomorphini Mulsant & Rey, 1870, are strikingly aberrant, with thin legs, spiny bristles, and laciniate outlines and adornments.

Many of the more robust species have grossly enlarged, thickened, and bowed hind femora armed with spikes on the inner edge, and with hind tibiae to match, though the enlargement of the tibiae is less exaggerated.

In the nymphs, the openings of the two repugnatorial stink glands of the Coreidae are visible as two projections or spots on the medial line of the dorsal surface of the abdomen, one at the anterior and one at the posterior edge of the fifth abdominal tergite above the glands inside. During the final ecdysis, the anatomy is rearranged and the glands end up in the metathorax, opening laterally through ostioles between the mesothoracic and metathoracic pleura.Beard, Raimon L. The Biology of Anasa tristis DeGeer. Bulletin 440. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven 1940 [https://archive.org/details/biologyofanasatr00bear]

Biology and habits

The Coreidae generally feed on the sap of plants. Some species reportedly are actively carnivorous,Comstock, J. H. An Introduction to Entomology, Comstock Publishing. 1949. May be downloaded from: [https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms] but material evidence is lacking, and in the field, some are easy to confuse with some species of the Reduviidae, so doubt has been cast on the veracity of the claims.University of Kentucky Entomology/Kentucky Critter Files/Kentucky Insects/True Bugs/Leaf-footed Bugs [http://www.uky.edu/Ag/CritterFiles/casefile/insects/bugs/leaffooted/leaffooted.htm]

Some Coreidae, such as Phyllomorpha laciniata, exhibit parental care by carrying their eggs. This behaviour significantly improves the eggs' chances of avoiding the attacks of parasitoids.{{cite journal |last1=Gomendio |first1=M |last2=García González |first2=F |last3=Reguera |first3=P |last4=Rivero |first4=A |year=2008 |title=Male egg carrying in Phyllomorpha laciniata is favoured by natural not sexual selection |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=75 |pages=763–770 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.029 |issue=3 |s2cid=14633463 |url=http://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/male-eggcarrying-in-phyllomorpha-laciniata-is-favoured-by-natural-not-sexual-selection(07ed0fc7-24be-4091-8fe8-cc281da8b3c9).html }}

Taxonomy and systematics

The Coreidae are placed in the order Hemiptera and closely related to the families Alydidae, Hyocephalidae, Rhopalidae, and Stenocephalidae. Together, these five families form the superfamily Coreoidea. The family is large, with more than 1,900 species in over 270 genera.{{cite book |vauthors=Schuh RT, Slater, JA |title = True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History |publisher = Cornell University Press |year = 1995}}

Most taxonomists dealing with the Coreidae divide the family into three or four subfamilies. Numerous tribes of the Coreinae have previously been proposed for elevation to subfamily rank, for example, the Agriopocorini, Colpurini, Phyllomorphini, and Procamptini, but the only one of these changes that at least a significant minority of researchers accepted is the elevation of the Agriopocorinae, and more recent reviews tend to treat them as a tribe again, recognizing only the three subfamilies known by 1867 plus Hydarinae.

The family has been demonstrated to be non-monophyletic, as Hydarinae and Pseudophloeinae are more closely related to Alydidae than to other coreids.{{Cite journal|last1=Forthman|first1=Michael|last2=Miller|first2=Christine W.|last3=Kimball|first3=Rebecca T.|date=2019|title=Phylogenomic analysis suggests Coreidae and Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are not monophyletic|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=48|issue=4|pages=520–534|doi=10.1111/zsc.12353|issn=1463-6409|doi-access=free}}

=Selected genera=

{{Main|List of Coreidae genera}}

The following genera are included in the family Coreidae:

Coreinae Leach, 1815

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Hydarinae Stål, 1873

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Meropachyinae Stål, 1867

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Pseudophloeinae Stål, 1867

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Gallery

File:Leptoscelis quadrisignatus (03442).jpg|Leptoscelis quadrisignatus

File:Squash bug Coreidae hz.jpg|Feeding "twig-wilter" nymph

File:Anasa tristis eggs.jpg|Anasa tristis (squash bug) eggs

File:Pephricus Coreidae IMG 3401.JPG|Pephricus sp., of the tribe Phyllomorphini

File:DirkvdM aerobics-insect.jpg|A "leaf-footed" coreid (Anisoscelis flavolineata) with typical expanded hind legs

File:Acanthocephala terminalis.JPG|Acanthocephala terminalis

File:Coreidae Unidentified Holopterna IMG 6559s.JPG|Typical pattern of wing venation

File:Piezogaster mating.jpg|Piezogaster sp. mating

File:Coreid bugs (Euthochtha galeator) laying eggs.jpg|Laying eggs

File:Leaf footed bug pair.webm|Two leaf-footed bugs interact.

File:Insect world of motion.webm|Leaf-footed bug climbs wind blown grass and flies off.

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikispecies}}

  • [http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/gallery/heteroptera/Coreidae/coreidae.html Coreidae of Britain]
  • [http://fulltext10.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000092&format=pdf Coreidae of Florida]
  • [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262005000100003 Comparative description of the immature stages of two very similar leaf footed bugs, Holymenia clavigera (Herbst) and Anisoscelis foliacea marginella (Dallas) (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Anisoscelini)]
  • [http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~sjtaylor/coreidae/coreidae.html Coreidae (Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426014630/http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~sjtaylor/coreidae/coreidae.html |date=2010-04-26 }}
  • [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/c_v_aequoris.htm Chelinidea vittiger aequoris, a cactus bug],
  • [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/flowers/euthochtha_galeator.htm Euthochtha galeator]
  • [http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bugs/heliconia_bug.htm Leptoscelis tricolor, heliconia bug]
  • [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/leaffooted_bug.htm Leptoglossus phyllopus]
  • [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/spartocera_batatas.htm Spartocera batatas, giant sweetpotato bug]

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Category:Heteroptera families