Cornhill-on-Tweed

Cornhill on Tweed was part of the Norham and Islandshires district, an exclave of the County of Durham until united with Northumberland in 1884. It had been part of the Bishopric of Durham since it was gifted to Lindisfarne Abbey by King Oswald of Northumbria in 634.{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Max |title=The King of the North: The Life and Times of Oswald of Northumbria |date=2020}}

The earliest documented references to the village are in The History and Antiquities of the County of Durham{{Cite book |last=Raine |first=James |title=The History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham, Volume 3 |date=1850 |publisher=Newcastle |pages=496}} where a William de Cornale is mentioned in 1239. A Henricus de Cornale is mentioned in the Durham Tithe Rolls in 1306.

By 1328 the village ownership was split between the Heron and Grey families.{{Cite book |last=Grey |first=Sir Thomas (Trans. Sir Herbert Maxwell) |title=Scalacronica: The Reigns of Edward I, Edward II and Edward III |date=1907 |publisher=Glasgow}} Sir Robert Grey of Cornhill, the son of Sir Thomas Grey of Castle Heaton, died in 1334 leaving a manor, half of a corn mill, half of a fishery, a brewery and a maltings to his son, also Robert. This Robert died in 1338. His heir was his 2-year-old daughter Maria. Because of her minority the land reverted to the Bishopric until her son, Robert Swinhoe reached his majority in 1382.

In 1385 as part of the Hundred Years War, a Franco-Scottish force under the command of Jean de Vienne along with his allies the Earls of Douglas, March and Fife destroyed Wark and Cornhill Castles. Cornhill Castle was situated a mile north-west of the village and was probably a motte and bailey in the Norman pattern. Subsequent references to a Cornhill Tower in [https://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Indexs/EngCounty/Northumberland.html 1415], 1496 and 1541{{Cite book |last=Bates |first=Cadwallader John |title=The Border Holds of Northumberland |publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne |year=1891 |location=Newcastle}} are attributed by Historic England{{Cite web |last=Historic England |date=5 June 1961 |title=Cornhiill Castle 1006508 |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1006508 |website=Historic England}} to the Castle site. However Dodds in Bastions and Belligerents{{Cite book |last=Dodds |first=John F |title=Bastions and Belligerents: Medieval Strongholds in Northumberland |publisher=Keepdate Publishing |year=1999 |location=Newcastle |pages=33–34}} and Tomlinson in a Comprehensive Guide to Northumberland{{Cite book |last=Tomlinson |first=WW |title=Comprehensive Guide to Northumberland |year=1888 |location=London}} contend that the Castle was never rebuilt and the references to Cornhill Tower relate to the site of Cornhill House. It is known that Cornhill Tower was built by William Swinhoe between 1385 and 1415 and that Cornhill House was the home of the Swinhoes up till the 17th century. It seems unlikely that the Tower would have been built remotely from the family home. The Swinhoe family were paid by the Crown to maintain a garrison force for the defence of the border consisting of 20 horsemen.

Cornhill was in the path of James IV's invading army on its way to the Battle of Flodden in 1513, and Cornhill Tower was damaged.{{Cite book |last=Goodwin |first=George |title=Fatal Rivalry, Flodden 1513: Henry VIII, James IV and the battle for Renaissance Britain |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=2013 |pages=163}}

The Swinhoe family were probably Catholic, and supported the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536 against Henry VIII but escaped retribution. From 1543 the Cornhill garrison played an active part in the Rough Wooing cross border raids into Scotland.{{Cite book |last=British History Online |title=Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 19 August-December 1544 |year=1544}}

In 1548, following the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh near Musselburgh the previous year, Cornhill Tower was attacked and looted by a Franco-Scottish Force under the command of Andre de Montalembert, Seigneur de Esse relieving the house of its store of salted salmon.{{Cite book |last=de Beauge |first=Jean |title=The History of the Campagnes 1548 and 1549: Being an Exact Account of the Martial Expeditions Perform'd in Those Days by the Scots and French on the One Side, and by the English and Their Foreign Auxiliaries on the Other |year=1707 |location=Scotland}}

In 1557 the Tower, now surrounded by a defensive barmkin wall, was again attacked by a Franco-Scottish army, this time opposing the rule of Mary I. During the attack William Swinhoe was killed and the garrison taken prisoner.{{Cite book |last=British History Online |title=Calendar of State Papers Foreign: Elizabeth, Volume 1 1558-1559, Letter from Francis Chesylden to Sir John Thynne, Dec 28 1558 |year=1558}}

In 1569 the Swinhoes were once more in rebellion against the Crown supporting the Northern Earls Rebellion against Elizabeth I. Again they were able to escape royal retribution.{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Barbara |title=The Changes of the Reformation Period in Durham and Northumberland |date=1939 |location=Durham |pages=516}}

Cornhill House,{{cite web |title=Cornhill House |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101153748-cornhill-house-cornhill-on-tweed |website=British Listed Buildings |access-date=6 January 2025}} a Grade 2* listed building, is at the western end of the village, overlooking the River Tweed. The present house dates from the 16h century and was remodelled in the 18th century. It replaced an earlier building damaged by the Scottish invasions in 1385 and 1549.{{cite web |title=Corfe-Castle - Corstone A Topographical Dictionary of England |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp685-693 |website=British History Online |publisher=S Lewis, London 1848 |access-date=6 January 2025}}

Gilbert Swinhoe of Cornhill was the High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1642 at the outbreak of the English Civil War and raised the posse comitatus in support of the King.{{Cite book |last=Newman |first=Peter Robert |title=The Royalist Army of Northern England 1642-45, The Acts of the High Commission Court Diocese of Durham}} Gilbert and his son James took an active part in the fighting with Gilbert perishing in the Tower of London following arrest. After the war James was fined for his part in the conflict and it is likely that the Cornhill estate was sold to the Foster family in 1651 to pay the penalty.{{Cite book |title=Records of the Committee for Compounding etc. with Delinquent Royalists in Durham and Northumberland during the Civil War etc. 1643-1660}}

The Foster family were another of the landed gentry families of North Northumberland and owned the Cornhill estate till 1763 at which point it passed to the Collingwoods. The Collingwood family remained in possession of the Cornhill Estate through to 1975 at which point the last Collingwood, John HF Collingwood, died and the estate was split up. During their tenure the Collingwood Arms was built and the war memorial at the entrance to Cornhill House was erected.

File:Cornhill Castle Mound - geograph.org.uk - 779449.jpg

In the centre of the town lies St Helen's Church, part of the parish of Cornhill-on-Tweed. Its sister churches are in Carham and Branxton.

There has been a church on the site since Saxon times. The present church was built in 1840 by Ignatius Bonomi, incorporating masonry from the previous church building, which dated from 1751. The coat of arms of the Collingwood family is carved into the church parapet.{{cite web |title=Church of St Helen |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101042207-church-of-st-helen-cornhill-on-tweed |website=British Listed Buildings |access-date=6 January 2025}} Local legend has it that in 1840, when the Church was enlarged, an 8 ft man was found buried under the nave.http://www.cornhill-on-tweed.co.uk/index.php/st-helens-church {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}

Cornhill-on-Tweed lies at a junction of the A697 and A698 roads - the latter linking to Berwick-upon-Tweed, the nearest significant town, some {{convert|13|mi|0}} away.

== Education ==

The Cornhill School was built in 1837 and closed in 2012. Pupils from the village now attended schools nearby.{{cite web|url=http://coldstream.co/organisations/villages/cornhill-tweed/|title=Cornhill-on-Tweed|accessdate=9 July 2016}}

• Cornhill Branch
• Campfield Kettle Hole and Barelees Pond - Sites of Special Scientific Interest {{convert|0.7|mi}} south, and {{convert|0.95|mi}} south-east of Cornhill.
• Heaton Castle, an historic small castle, the remains of which now form part of a large farmhouse called "Castle Heaton".
• https://www.cornhillsocialhistory.org.uk/PDF/Cornhill_House.pdf

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline|Cornhill-on-Tweed}}

• [http://www.cornhill-on-tweed.co.uk The official Cornhill-on-Tweed Parish Website]
• [https://www.cornhillsocialhistory.org.uk Cornhill Social History including Buildings, Agriculture, Railways, Families, Businesses, School, Parish Registers and gravestone inscriptions]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090108072147/http://www.genuki.bpears.org.uk/NBL/Cornhill/index.html GENUKI] (Accessed: 21 November 2008)

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Category:Villages in Northumberland

Category:Civil parishes in Northumberland