Corumbá

File:Corumbá, Brazil (1916).jpg

File:NOB-RioParaguai.jpg

Founded as a military outpost and colony in 1778 by the Spanish. It became strategically important with the opening of the Paraguay River to international trade after the Paraguayan War (1865–70). Nearby are the buttes of Mt Urucum, which contain vast mineral deposits. In 1878 it was raised to the category of city.

In 1938, the governments of Brazil and Bolivia agreed to begin consutrction on the Santa Cruz-Corumbá Railway, a section of the General Manuel Belgrano Railway that connected Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia with the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. The railway was finished in 1955.{{cite news |first= Anthony |last= Patric |title= Railway Across South America Nears Reality |url= http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1947/01/19/page/22/article/railway-across-south-america-nears-reality |publisher= Chicato Tribune |page= 22 |date= January 19, 1947 |access-date=2 May 2016 |quote= The strategical railroad linking the Brazilian Atlantic port of Santos to the Chilean Pacific port of Arica is nearing reality. Despite wartime shortages of material and equipment, the Bolivian Brazilian Commission in charge of the construction of the line has performed a near miracle... }}

{{Main|Pantanal}}

The ecoregion Pantanal is the most important plain of all humid areas in South America. Its large territory meets in the Mato Grosso do Sul, is known as South Pantanal and the city of Corumbá serves as its entrance door. The Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul is recognized as one of the most exuberant and diversified natural reserves on the planet.

The great diversity of the fauna is one of its great attractions: caiman, anacondas, fish, capybaras, tapirs, hyacinth macaws, herons, and jabiru storks, among others. The Pantanal received the recognition as National Patrimony in the Constitution of 1988 and as Patrimony of the Humanity and Reserve of the Biosfera from UNESCO.

According to World Wide Fund for Nature (1999), there exist in the Pantanal 650 species of birds, 80 of mammals, 260 of fish and 50 of reptiles. It is a region of great importance for preservation of biodiversity, considered one of the biggest centers of reproduction of fauna of America. Already more than 263 species of fish, 122 species of mammals, 93 species of reptiles, 1,132 species of butterflies, 656 species of birds and 1,700 species of plants have been cataloged there.

The municipality of Corumbá is bordered simultaneously by Bolivia and Paraguay, a situation that is known as tríplice border. Its urban area borders on the Bolivian cities of Puerto Suárez and Puerto Quijarro, which together make up a Free Zone for purchases of imported products and Bolivian crafts, the limit of which is the end of Ramon Gomes Road. The border with Paraguay is at the south extremity of the municipality in the agricultural zone. As of 2014, Bolivians are asked to prove if they have over the equivalent of $800 to receive a temporary visa.{{Cite journal|last=le Blanc|first=Sophie|date=2016|title=Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the City: Collaboration, Competition, and Survival in São Paulo|url=https://udspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/21162/2016_le-BlancSophie_PhD.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=University of Delaware|pages=95}}

As a result, Corumbá has one of the highest proportions of Bolivian-Brazilians of any city. Ethnographic reports have found that Bolivians in the city are regularly subject to racial discrimination.{{Cite journal|last=da Costa|first=Gustavo Villela Lima|date=April 2015|title=Os Bolivianos Em Corumbá-MS: Conflitos E Relações De Poder Na Fronteira|url=https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-93132015000100035|journal=Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul|volume=21|pages=35–63|doi=10.1590/0104-93132015v21n1p035|doi-access=free}}

Corumbá consists of two areas. The lower area is where the old village of notable architecture lies, close to the port. The upper area, newer and much bigger, is chessboard-shaped. Its architecture is not like other old Brazilian cities, where the predominant architectural style is the colonial romantic Portuguese. Its architecture is Italian neoclassical, the same as central Asunción, the old suburbs of Buenos Aires, the towns of the countryside of the Uruguay, and the majority of the southwestern Rio Grande do Sul.

Its urbanization rate is very high, reaching around 90%. In recent years, due to a better quality of life, the population is aging and the fertility rate is decreasing.

As of the 2010 census,{{Cite web|url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=13&i=P&c=2093|title=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática - SIDRA}} there were 103,772 people living in Corumbá. The racial composition of the city was:

Bolivia has a Consulate in Corumbá.{{cite web|url=https://cancilleria.gob.bo/webmre/node/505|title=Representación de Bolivia en el exterior|website=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores|language=es|access-date=12 October 2024}}

• {{Flagicon|Brazil}} Várzea Grande, Brazil
• {{Flagicon|Italy}} Pisa, Italy
• {{Flagicon|France}} Dunkirk, France

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Corumbá (1981–2010)

|Jan high C = 33.7

|Feb high C = 33.3

|Mar high C = 33.0

|Apr high C = 31.8

|May high C = 28.9

|Jun high C = 28.0

|Jul high C = 28.6

|Aug high C = 30.5

|Sep high C = 32.3

|Oct high C = 34.1

|Nov high C = 34.0

|Dec high C = 34.2

| year high C = 31.9

|Jan mean C = 27.9

|Feb mean C = 27.5

|Mar mean C = 27.2

|Apr mean C = 25.9

|May mean C = 23.3

|Jun mean C = 22.1

|Jul mean C = 22.0

|Aug mean C = 23.8

|Sep mean C = 25.6

|Oct mean C = 27.5

|Nov mean C = 27.7

|Dec mean C = 27.9

| year mean C = 25.7

|Jan low C = 23.8

|Feb low C = 23.7

|Mar low C = 23.6

|Apr low C = 21.8

|May low C = 19.2

|Jun low C = 17.9

|Jul low C = 17.5

|Aug low C = 18.8

|Sep low C = 20.6

|Oct low C = 22.8

|Nov low C = 23.1

|Dec low C = 23.4

| year low C = 21.4

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 155.3

|Feb precipitation mm = 134.3

|Mar precipitation mm = 126.5

|Apr precipitation mm = 65.7

|May precipitation mm = 50.3

|Jun precipitation mm = 17.3

|Jul precipitation mm = 23.1

|Aug precipitation mm = 26.9

|Sep precipitation mm = 40.4

|Oct precipitation mm = 86.2

|Nov precipitation mm = 117.5

|Dec precipitation mm = 154.5

|year precipitation mm = 998.0

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 12

| Feb precipitation days = 10

| Mar precipitation days = 10

| Apr precipitation days = 6

| May precipitation days = 4

| Jun precipitation days = 2

| Jul precipitation days = 2

| Aug precipitation days = 2

| Sep precipitation days = 4

| Oct precipitation days = 7

| Nov precipitation days = 8

| Dec precipitation days = 10

| year precipitation days =

|Jan sun = 210.4

|Feb sun = 185.3

|Mar sun = 203.9

|Apr sun = 220.4

|May sun = 212.7

|Jun sun = 204.2

|Jul sun = 235.6

|Aug sun = 201.0

|Sep sun = 187.5

|Oct sun = 217.5

|Nov sun = 216.0

|Dec sun = 234.1

|year sun = 2528.6

|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia{{cite web

| url = http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas

| title = Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010

| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia

| language = Portuguese

| accessdate = 21 May 2024}}

}}

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Nhecolândia (Nhumirim) (1981–2010)

|Jan high C = 33.3

|Feb high C = 33.0

|Mar high C = 33.3

|Apr high C = 32.4

|May high C = 29.7

|Jun high C = 29.1

|Jul high C = 29.8

|Aug high C = 32.3

|Sep high C = 33.1

|Oct high C = 34.2

|Nov high C = 34.1

|Dec high C = 33.6

| year high C = 32.3

|Jan mean C = 27.6

|Feb mean C = 27.5

|Mar mean C = 27.2

|Apr mean C = 25.5

|May mean C = 22.3

|Jun mean C = 21.2

|Jul mean C = 20.8

|Aug mean C = 22.6

|Sep mean C = 24.7

|Oct mean C = 27.0

|Nov mean C = 27.3

|Dec mean C = 27.6

| year mean C = 25.1

|Jan low C = 23.4

|Feb low C = 23.4

|Mar low C = 22.8

|Apr low C = 20.6

|May low C = 16.8

|Jun low C = 15.5

|Jul low C = 14.2

|Aug low C = 15.4

|Sep low C = 18.3

|Oct low C = 21.5

|Nov low C = 21.8

|Dec low C = 22.8

| year low C = 19.7

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 172.8

|Feb precipitation mm = 142.1

|Mar precipitation mm = 128.9

|Apr precipitation mm = 68.2

|May precipitation mm = 55.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 17.2

|Jul precipitation mm = 10.2

|Aug precipitation mm = 17.5

|Sep precipitation mm = 33.8

|Oct precipitation mm = 100.7

|Nov precipitation mm = 135.9

|Dec precipitation mm = 163.1

|year precipitation mm = 1046.2

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 11

| Feb precipitation days = 10

| Mar precipitation days = 9

| Apr precipitation days = 5

| May precipitation days = 4

| Jun precipitation days = 2

| Jul precipitation days = 2

| Aug precipitation days = 2

| Sep precipitation days = 2

| Oct precipitation days = 6

| Nov precipitation days = 8

| Dec precipitation days = 9

| year precipitation days =

| Jan humidity = 82.4

| Feb humidity = 83.7

| Mar humidity = 84.8

| Apr humidity = 82.3

| May humidity = 81.9

| Jun humidity = 81.5

| Jul humidity = 76.6

| Aug humidity = 70.7

| Sep humidity = 69.0

| Oct humidity = 73.5

| Nov humidity = 75.7

| Dec humidity = 79.4

| year humidity = 78.5

|Jan sun = 189.2

|Feb sun = 177.4

|Mar sun = 210.0

|Apr sun = 225.9

|May sun = 211.4

|Jun sun = 212.2

|Jul sun = 230.6

|Aug sun = 222.0

|Sep sun = 177.7

|Oct sun = 201.1

|Nov sun = 213.8

|Dec sun = 206.6

|year sun = 2477.9

|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia{{cite web

| url = http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas

| title = Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010

| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia

| language = Portuguese

| accessdate = 25 May 2024}}

}}

{{reflist}}

{{Commons}}

• {{wikivoyage-inline|Corumbá}}
• [http://www.pantanalescapes.com/locations/corumba.html Pantanal Escapes - Travel Guide and tourist information for Corumbá]
• [http://www.pantanalescapes.com/culture/carnaval.html About the annual Carnaval de Corumbá]

{{Municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corumba}}

Category:Municipalities in Mato Grosso do Sul

Category:Bolivia–Brazil border crossings

Category:Populated places established in 1778

Category:1778 establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru