Corymbia citriodora
{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{italic title}}
{{speciesbox
|name = Lemon-scented gum
|image = Corymbia citriodora.jpg
|image_caption = In Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens
|status =
|status_system =
|genus = Corymbia
|species = citriodora
|authority = (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S.Johnson{{cite web |title=Corymbia citriodora |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/119387|website=Australian Plant Census |accessdate=2 February 2020}}
|synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=
| Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson subsp. citriodora
| Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (F.Muell.) A.R.Bean & M.W.McDonald
| Corymbia variegata (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
| Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.
| Eucalyptus maculata var. citriodora F.M.Bailey nom. illeg.
| Eucalyptus maculata var. citriodora Kinney nom. inval., nom. nud.
| Eucalyptus maculata var. citriodora (Hook.) F.M.Bailey
| Eucalyptus melissiodora Lindl.
| Eucalyptus variegata F.Muell.
}}
}}
File:KingsParkWesternAustralia1 gobeirne.jpg, Perth, Western Australia]]
Corymbia citriodora, commonly known as lemon-scented gum{{cite web |title=Corymbia citriodora |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/corymbia_citriodora.htm |publisher=Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |accessdate=5 June 2020}} and other common names, is a species of tall tree that is endemic to north-eastern Australia. It has smooth white to pink bark, narrow lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and urn-shaped or barrel-shaped fruit.
Description
Corymbia citriodora is a tree that typically grows to a height of {{cvt|25-40|m}}, sometimes to {{cvt|50|m}} and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, pale, uniform or slightly mottled, white to pink or coppery bark that is shed in thin flakes. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves that are {{cvt|80-210|mm}} long and {{cvt|32-80|mm}} wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, often lemon-scented when crushed, narrow lance-shaped to curved, {{cvt|100-230|mm}} long and {{cvt|6-28|mm}} wide tapering to a petiole {{cvt|10-25|mm|1}} long. The flower buds are borne in leaf axils on a branched peduncle {{cvt|3-10|mm|1}} long, each branch with three buds on pedicels {{cvt|1-6|mm|2}} long. Mature buds are oval to pear-shaped, {{cvt|6-10|mm}} long and {{cvt|5-7|mm}} wide with a rounded, conical or slightly beaked operculum. Flowering occurs in most months and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody urn-shaped or barrel-shaped capsule {{cvt|8-15|mm}} long and {{cvt|7-12|mm}} wide with the valves enclosed in the fruit.{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Kenneth D. |last2=Johnson |first2=Lawrence A.S. |title=Systematic studies in the eucalypts. 7. A revision of the bloodwoods, genus Corymbia (Myrtaceae) |journal=Telopea |date=13 December 1995 |volume=6 |issue=2–3 |pages=388–389 |doi=10.7751/telopea19953017|doi-access=free }}{{cite web |last1=Chippendale |first1=George M. |title=Eucalyptus citriodora |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Eucalyptus%20citriodora |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra |accessdate=3 February 2020}}{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Ken |title=Corymbia citriodora |url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Corymbia~citriodora |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |accessdate=3 February 2020}}{{cite web |last1=Nagle |first1=Patricia |title=Corymbia citriodora |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/trainees-2016/corymbia-citriodora.html |publisher=Australian National Botanic Garden |accessdate=3 February 2020}}
Taxonomy and naming
Lemon-scented gum was first formally described in 1848 by William Jackson Hooker, who gave it the name Eucalyptus citriodora in Thomas Mitchell's Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia.{{cite web|title=Eucalyptus citriodora|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/455992|publisher=APNI|accessdate=3 February 2020}}{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Thomas Livingstone|title=Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia|date=1848|location=Sydney|page=31|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9943/9943-h/9943-h.htm|accessdate=3 February 2020}} In 1995 Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson changed the name from Eucalyptus citriodora to Corymbia citriodora.{{cite web|title=Corymbia citriodora|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/562365|publisher=APNI|accessdate=3 February 2020}} The specific epithet (citriodora) is Latin, meaning 'lemon-scented'.
Lemon-scented gum is also commonly known as citron-scented gum, lemon gum, spotted gum{{cite web |title=Corymbia citriodora |url=https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/corymbia_citriodora.htm |publisher=Weeds of Australia |access-date=31 August 2021}} and lemon eucalyptus.{{cite web |title=Substance information for Eucalyptus citriodora oil (oil of lemon eucalyptus), No. 800-429-0 |url=https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.226.893 |publisher=ECHA, European Chemicals Agency |accessdate=31 August 2021}}
Corymbia citriodora is similar to C. maculata and C. henryi.
Some naturalists and conservationists do not recognise the genus Corymbia and still categorise its species within Eucalyptus.Brooker & Kleinig (2006) Field Guide to Eucalypts. 3rd ed.
Distribution and habitat
Corymbia citriodora grows in undulating country in open forest and woodland in several disjunct areas in Queensland and as far south as Coffs Harbour in New South Wales. In Queensland it is found as far north as Lakeland Downs and Cooktown and as far inland as Hughenden and Chinchilla.
Kings Park in Perth has an avenue of this species planted many years ago, but the species has spread to become an environmental weed in the Sydney and Blue Mountains region in New South Wales and in open woodland areas in the south-west of Western Australia.Hussey et al., (1997) Western weeds : a guide to the weeds of Western Australia South Perth, W.A.: Plant Protection Society of W.A. : 1997. {{ISBN|0-646-32440-3}}, 1997
Essential oil
The essential oil of the lemon-scented gum mainly consists of citronellal (80%),Boland, D.J. et al., Eucalyptus Leaf Oils - Use, Chemistry, Distillation and Marketing, {{ISBN|0-909605-69-6}}. produced largely in Brazil and China.Lawless, J., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, {{ISBN|1-85230-661-0}} Unrefined oil from the lemon eucalyptus tree is used in perfumery, and a refined form of this oil is used in insect repellents, especially against mosquitoes. The refined oil's citronellal content is turned into cis- and trans- isomers of p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), a process which occurs naturally as the eucalyptus leaves age. This refined oil, which includes related compounds from the essential corymbia citriodora, is known widely by its registered tradename, "Citrepel" or "Citriodiol", but also by generic names which vary by region: "oil of lemon eucalyptus" or "OLE" (USA); "PMD rich botanic oil" or "PMDRBO" (Europe); "PMD and related oil of lemon eucalyptus compounds" (Canada); Extract of Lemon Eucalyptus (Australia). Pure PMD is synthesized for commercial production from synthetic citronellal. Essential oil refined from the leaves of the tree can contain up to 98% citronella content. The smell of the essential oil can vary, but mostly includes a strong odor comparable alone to citronella oil, with a slight hint of lemon scent.{{Citation needed|reason=Unreferenced|date=August 2021}}
A study comparing mosquito repellents found that products using the oil of lemon eucalyptus were effective at driving mosquitos away from a human hand.Stacy D. Rodriguez; Lisa L. Drake; David P. Price; John I. Hammond; Immo A. Hansen. 2015. [https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jisesa/iev125 The Efficacy of Some Commercially Available Insect Repellents for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)] Journal of Insect Science 15 (1): 140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iev125
File:Lemon-scented gum - trunk bark.jpg|Bark
File:Corymbia citriodora - shedding bark 2.jpg|Shedding trunk bark
File:Corymbia citriodora - shedding bark 1.jpg|Shedding trunk bark
File:Corymbia citriodora - juvenile leaves.jpg|Juvenile leaves
File:Lemon-scented gum - leaves.jpg|Adult leaves
File:Corymbia citriodora - shedding bark 5.jpg|Fruit
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{cite book | author=Pink, A. | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892|title=Gardening for the Million| year=2004 | publisher=Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613154010/http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/corymbia_citriodora_htmlwra.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): Corymbia citriodora]
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