Cottonera dialect
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Short description|Dialect of the Maltese Language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Cottonera dialect
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
| nativename = Kottoneran
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[kɔtːɔnɛˈrɐn]}}
| fam1 = Afro-Asiatic
| fam2 = Semitic
| fam3 = West Semitic
| fam4 = Central Semitic
| fam5 = Arabic
| fam6 = Maghrebi Arabic
| fam7 = Pre-HilalianMartine Vanhove, [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00009708/document « De quelques traits prehilaliens en maltais »], in: Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb cccidental : dialectologie et histoire, Casa Velazquez - Universidad de Zaragoza (1998), pp.97-108
| fam8 = Sicilian Arabic
| fam9 = Maltese
| script = Maltese alphabet
| region = Three Cities and surrounding area
| speakers = About 10,000{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| date = 2014
| ref =
}}
One of the dialects of the Maltese language is the Cottonera dialect, known to locals as Kottoneran.{{Cite book |last=Sciriha |first=Lydia |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/97092 |title=Id-djalett tal-Kottonera: analizi socjolingwistika |date=1997 |publisher=Daritama Publications |isbn=978-99909-68-26-2 |language=mt}}{{Cite web |title=Linguistic lustre - The Malta Independent |url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2020-07-26/blogs-opinions/Linguistic-lustre-6736225483 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.independent.com.mt}} Many inhabitants of the Three Cities speak the local dialect, and thus roughly amount to 10,000 speakers.
The most distinctive feature of this dialect is its treatment of vowels i and u after the silent consonant għ. In Standard Maltese, and other dialects, these vowels are realized as diphthongs after għ. However, in most situations, they remain monophthongs in the Cottonera dialect.
The vowel I after Għ
The vowel i after għ remains an {{IPA|/i/}} as in the English {{smallcaps|fleece}}, instead of diphthongizing to {{IPA|/ai/}} as in the English {{smallcaps|price}}.
| class="wiki table"
|+ !English !Standard Maltese !Cottonera dialect |
| my/mine
|tiegħi {{IPA|[ˈtiɐɪ]}} |tiegħi {{IPA|[ˈtiːɪ]}} |
| he curses
|jidgħi {{IPA|[ˈjɪdɐɪ]}} |jidgħi {{IPA|[ˈjɪdɪ]}} |
| with me
|miegħi {{IPA|[ˈmiɐɪ]}} |miegħi {{IPA|[ˈmiːɪ]}} |
This dialectal change does not occur with the words għid (easter), erbgħin (forty), sebgħin (seventy), and disgħin (ninety).
The local poet from Senglea, Dwardu Cachia (1858–1907), formed part of the Xirka Xemija in 1882, an organization which formulated one of the first standardized versions of written Maltese.{{Cite web |title=Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ilsien Malti |url=http://www.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt/news-details?nwid=166&ctid=17&ctref=ortografija |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=www.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt}} Moreover, Cachia wrote a poem about this very alphabet, in which he made use of the 4-line rhyme. Coincidentally, the ABCB rhyme of the second stanza only works if read in his Cottonera dialect.{{Cite magazine |last=Camilleri |first=Saviour |date=2010 |title=Dwardu Cachia – Kittieb Senglean (1858–1907) |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/67934/1/Dwardu_Cachia_kittieb_Senglean_1858_1907.pdf |magazine=Marija Bambina Senglea Festa 2010}}
{{Verse translation|"Ebda ħażż ma jibdel leħnu
fil-fonetiku, qed ingħid:
Ga, Ge, Gi ibsin jinstemgħu
"Għax tgħid", ħadthom bla taħbit"|
{{IPA|[ɪˈniːt]}}, not {{IPA|[ɪˈnɐɪt]}}
{{IPA|[tɐhˈbiːt]}}|attr1=Dwardu Cachia (1858–1907)}}
The vowel U after Għ
The vowel u after għ remains an {{IPA|/u:/}} as in the English {{smallcaps|goose}}, instead of diphthongizing to {{IPA|/au/}} as in the English {{smallcaps|mouth}}.
| class="wiki table"
|+ !English !Standard Maltese !Cottonera dialect |
| his
|tiegħu {{IPA|[ˈtiɐu]}} |tiegħu {{IPA|[ˈtiːʊ]}} |
| sent (passive participle)
|mibgħut {{IPA|[mɪˈbɐʊt]}} |mibgħut {{IPA|[mɪˈbuːt]}} |
| a piece of wood
|għuda {{IPA|[ˈɐʊdɐ]}} |għuda {{IPA|[ˈuːdɐ]}} |
| we can/could
|nistgħu {{IPA|[ˈnɪstɐʊ]}} |nistgħu {{IPA|[ˈnɪstʊ]}} |
| we sell
|nbigħu {{IPA|[mˈbiɐʊ]}} |nbigħu {{IPA|[mˈbiːʊ]}} |
| with him
|miegħu {{IPA|[ˈmiɐʊ]}} |miegħu {{IPA|[ˈmiːʊ]}} |
The vowel E after Għ
Although in contemporary Maltese (21st Century), the combination għe sometimes produces an {{IPA|/a/}} vowel, the Cottonera dialect has widely kept the {{IPA|/e~i/}} realization comparable to Standard Maltese.
| class="wiki table"
|+ !English !Standard Maltese !Cottonera dialect !Contemporary Maltese |
| she remained
|baqgħet {{IPA|[ˈbɐʔɛt]}} |baqgħet {{IPA|[ˈbɐʔɛt]}} / {{IPA|[ˈbɐqɪt]}} |baqgħet {{IPA|[ˈbɐʔɐt]}} |
| she fell
|waqgħet {{IPA|[ˈwɐʔɛt]}} |waqgħet {{IPA|[ˈwɐʔɛt]}} / {{IPA|[ˈwɐqɪt]}} |waqgħet {{IPA|[ˈwɐʔɐt]}} |
| he tired them
|għejjiehom {{IPA|[ɛjˈjiːɔm]}} |għejjiehom {{IPA|[ɛjˈjiːɔm]}} |għejjiehom {{IPA|[ɐjˈjiːɔm]}} |
The consonant Q
In Cottonera, most notably among the eldest demographic of Senglea, the consonant q is still pronounced as a voiceless uvular plosive {{IPA|/q/}}, as its counterpart in Classical Arabic. This sound survived in Modern Maltese only through the Cottonera dialect, instead of being replaced with the Standard glottal stop {{IPA|/ʔ/}}. However, it is important to note that it is severely in decline.{{Cite AV media |last=Vella |first=Olvin |last2=Mifsud |first2=Manwel |date=2006 |title=Kollu Malti: program 9 |publisher=L-Università ta' Malta |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/10041 |language=mt}}{{Cite web |title=Il-Birgu |url=https://malti.mt/isma-location/isma-d-djalett-tal-birgu/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Malti |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Isma' |url=https://malti.mt/djaletti/isma/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Malti |language=en}}
| class="wiki table"
|+ !English !Standard Maltese !Cottonera dialect (archaic pronunciation) |
| never
|qatt {{IPA|[ʔɐtt]}} |qatt {{IPA|[qɐtt]}} |
| he told me
|qalli {{IPA|[ˈʔɐllɪ]}} |qalli {{IPA|[ˈqɐllɪ]}} |
| we reside
|noqogħdu {{IPA|[nɔˈʔɔːdʊ]}} |noqogħdu {{IPA|[nɔˈqɔːdʊ]}} |
| artichokes
|qaqoċċ {{IPA|[ʔɐˈʔɔtʃtʃ]}} |qaqoċċ {{IPA|[qɐˈqɔtʃtʃ]}} |
| poverty
|faqar {{IPA|[ˈfɐʔɐr]}} |faqar {{IPA|[ˈfɐqɐr]}} |
| he reached
|laħaq {{IPA|[ˈlɐhɐʔ]}} |laħaq {{IPA|[ˈlɐhɐq]}} |
References
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