Council of the District of Columbia

{{see also|District of Columbia home rule|History of Washington, D.C.}}

Under the Constitution, Congress has the power to legislate for the district "in all cases whatsoever," which has long been interpreted to vest Congress with ultimate authority over the capital. However, the Founding Fathers envisioned that Congress would delegate this authority to local officials. At various times in the district's history, Congress has devolved some of its authority to district residents and their elected representatives.

File:District of Columbia Legislative Flow.png

When Congress passed the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, they called for a new permanent capital of the United States to be located on the Potomac River. The federal district originally comprised land in the form of a square measuring {{convert|10|mi|km|}} on each side donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia. The Residence Act also provided for the selection of a three-member board of commissioners, appointed by the president, charged with overseeing the construction of the new capital.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyUUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87 |title=Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C. |first=Harvey W. |last=Crew |date=1892 |page=87 |publisher=United Brethren Publishing House |location=Dayton, Ohio}} Two other incorporated cities that predated the establishment of the district were also included within the new federal territory: Georgetown, founded in 1751,{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Wash/dc15.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625171406/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/dc15.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2007 |title=Georgetown Historic District |access-date=2008-07-05 |publisher=National Park Service}} and the City of Alexandria, Virginia, founded in 1749.{{cite web |url=http://www.alexandriahistorical.org/history.html |title=History of Alexandria, Virginia |access-date=2008-07-31 |publisher=Alexandria Historical Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404012136/http://www.alexandriahistorical.org/history.html |archive-date=2009-04-04 }} A new "federal city" called the City of Washington was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of the established settlement at Georgetown.

In 1800, Congress created a joint commission to recommend the governance for what was then called the Territory of Columbia. The joint commission recommended a governorship and a 25-member legislative assembly.{{cite web|last=Kulyk|first=Nathaniel|title=Nelson Rimensnyder|url=http://www.capitolhillhistory.org/interviews/2005/rimensnyder_nelson.html|publisher=Ruth Ann Overbeck Capitol Hill History Project|access-date=August 12, 2011|date=October 3, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725135531/http://www.capitolhillhistory.org/interviews/2005/rimensnyder_nelson.html|archive-date=July 25, 2011|url-status=dead}} This would have been the federal district's first legislature. However, the Organic Act of 1801 officially organized the entire federal territory under the control of Congress but did not establish an overarching government for the entire district as recommended. In 1802, the original board of commissioners was disbanded, and the City of Washington was officially incorporated.{{where|date=April 2020}} The city's incorporation allowed for a local municipal government consisting of a mayor appointed by the president and an elected six-member council.Crew, p. 134. The local governments of Georgetown and Alexandria were also left intact.{{cite book|last=Ecker|first=Grace Dunlop|title=A Portrait of Old Georgetown|publisher=Garrett & Massie|year=1933|pages=8}} In 1820, the Congress granted the City of Washington a new charter, which allowed for an elected mayor.Crew, p. 142.

This piecemeal governmental structure remained essentially intact until the passage of the Organic Act of 1871, which created a new government for the entire District of Columbia. This Act effectively combined the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the unincorporated area then known as Washington County – the portion south of the Potomac River had been returned to Virginia in the late 1840s – into a single municipality as Washington, D.C., exists today.{{cite book |last=Dodd |first=Walter Fairleigh |title=The government of the District of Columbia |publisher=John Byrne & Co. |year=1909 |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/governmentdistr01doddgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/governmentdistr01doddgoog/page/n10 4] }} In the same Organic Act, Congress created a territorial government which consisted of a legislative assembly with an upper-house composed of eleven council members appointed by the president and a 22-member house of delegates elected by the people, as well as an appointed Board of Public Works charged with modernizing the city. In 1873, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed the board's most influential member, Alexander Robey Shepherd, to the new post of governor. Shepherd authorized large-scale projects to modernize Washington but overspent three times the approved budget, bankrupting the city. In 1874, Congress abolished the district's local government in favor of a direct rule.{{cite book|last=Wilcox|first=Delos Franklin|title=Great cities in America: their problems and their government|year=1910|publisher=The Macmillan Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatcitiesinam00wilcgoog/page/n43 27]–30|url=https://archive.org/details/greatcitiesinam00wilcgoog}}

A three-member Board of Commissioners replaced the territorial government; two members were appointed by the president after approval by the Senate and a third member was selected from the United States Army Corps of Engineers. One of the three members would be selected to act as President of the Board.Crew, p. 159. This form of government continued for nearly a century. Between 1948 and 1966, six bills were introduced in Congress to provide some form of home rule, but none ever passed. The commissioner form of government was replaced in 1967 by a mayor-commissioner and a nine-member city council appointed by the president.{{cite news |title=Government Reorganized for District of Columbia |first=Carl P |last=Leubsdorf |author-link=Carl Leubsdorf|agency=Associated Press |work=Nashua Telegraph |page=2 |date=August 10, 1967 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=760rAAAAIBAJ&pg=7112,4189033&dq=district-of-columbia&hl=en }}

Due to public pressure and the demands of handling the district's complex day-to-day affairs, Congress eventually agreed to devolve certain powers over the district to an elected local government. However, lawmakers in Congress during the early 1970s had originally sought to re-institute the post of governor and create a 25-member legislative assembly. Local officials opposed this form of government, insisting that the district's status as a municipality be respected.{{cite news|last=DeBonis|first=Mike|title=Why does the D.C. Council have 13 members?|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/debonis/2011/02/why_does_the_dc_council_have_1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015171303/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/debonis/2011/02/why_does_the_dc_council_have_1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 15, 2012|access-date=August 13, 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 7, 2011}} On December 24, 1973, Congress obliged the demands of local residents and enacted the District of Columbia Home Rule Act, providing for an elected mayor and the 13-member Council of the District of Columbia.{{cite web|url=http://www.abfa.com/ogc/hract.htm |title=District of Columbia Home Rule Act |access-date=2008-05-27 |date=February 1999 |publisher=Government of the District of Columbia }} The council has the ability to pass local laws and ordinances. However, pursuant to the Home Rule Act all legislation passed by the D.C. government, including the district's local budget,{{cite news |title=Home Rule Bill for D.C. Signed |agency=Associated Press |date=December 24, 1973 |work=The Miami News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a1YzAAAAIBAJ&pg=4134,1201832&dq=district-of-columbia&hl=en }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} remains subject to the approval of Congress.{{cite web|url=http://www.dccouncil.washington.dc.us/history |title=History of Self-Government in the District of Columbia |year=2008 |publisher=Council of the District of Columbia |access-date=2009-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331094658/http://www.dccouncil.washington.dc.us/history |archive-date=2009-03-31 }} After signing the bill, President Richard Nixon said, "I believe the legislation skillfully balances the local interest and the national interest in the way the District of Columbia is governed."

File:DC City Council budget vote.jpg

The council is composed of thirteen members, each elected by district residents to a four-year term. One member is elected from each of the district's eight wards. Four at-large members represent the district as a whole. The chairman of the council is likewise elected at an at-large basis. The terms of the at-large members are staggered so that two are elected every two years, and each D.C. resident may vote for two different at-large candidates in each general election.

According to the Home Rule Act, of the chair and the at-large members, a maximum of three may be affiliated with the majority political party.{{cite web |title= D.C. Code 1-221(d)(3) |quote= "Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, at no time shall there be more than three members (including the Chairman) serving at large on the Council who are affiliated with the same political party." |url= http://www.abfa.com/ogc/hract.htm }} In the council's electoral history, of the elected members who were not affiliated with the majority party, most were elected as at-large members. In 2008 and 2012, Democrats such as David Grosso, Elissa Silverman, and Michael A. Brown changed their party affiliation to Independent when running for council.

To become a candidate for council an individual must be resident of the District of Columbia for at least one year prior to the general election, a registered voter, and hold no other public office for which compensation beyond expenses is received. Candidates running for a ward position must be a resident of that ward.

{{maplink|frame=yes|from=District_of_Columbia_Wards_2022_-.map|zoom=10|point=none|text=Map of District of Columbia Ward boundaries since 2022}}

Like other legislatures, the council has several standing committees and a full-time staff, including a council secretary, auditor, and general counsel. Given the limited number of council members, nearly every member of the council has, in effect, the opportunity to chair a committee."[http://dccouncil.us/councilorganization Organizational Structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928013036/http://dccouncil.us/councilorganization |date=2011-09-28 }}". Council of the District of Columbia. Retrieved August 13, 2011. Commentators have questioned the legislature's structure noting that with 13 members nearly any piece of legislation can pass with just seven votes, leading to accusations that the council can too easily overreach in its powers. However, this unique governing structure has also allowed the council to operate more efficiently in comparison to some state legislatures with regard to consideration and passage of laws.{{cite news|last=DeBonis|first=Mike|title=Is D.C. overgoverned? Or undergoverned?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/03/AR2011020307010.html|access-date=August 13, 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 3, 2011}}

Committees of the council consider legislation relevant to specific policy matters and are responsible for oversight on relevant local government agencies. Special committees are convened to consider investigations, ethics, and other matters.{{cite web |title=Committees for Council Period 23 |url=https://dccouncil.us/committees-for-council-period-23/ |website=Council of the District of Columbia |access-date=15 May 2020 |archive-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609080745/https://www.dccouncil.us/committees-for-council-period-23/ |url-status=dead }}

The members are nominated by the chairperson of the committee at the start of the council period and are voted on by the existing committee members. If a vacancy of a member occurs, the seat is filled by a vote on a nomination by the chairperson. If a vacancy of a councilperson occurs, {{clarify span|the vacancy will be temporarily.|date=October 2022}}{{cite web |title=Rules Of Organization And Procedure For The Council Of The District Of Columbia |url=https://dccouncil.us/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/PR23-0001a-1.pdf |website=Council of the District of Columbia |access-date=15 May 2020}}

{{main|List of members of the Council of the District of Columbia}}

| Ward 4

| Facilities

| align="center" | 2021

| align="center" | 2029

|-

| {{sortname|Zachary|Parker}}

| Ward 5

| Youth Affairs

| align="center" | 2023

| align="center" | 2027

|-

| {{sortname|Charles|Allen|dab=Washington, D.C., politician}}

| Ward 6

| Transportation and Environment

| align="center" | 2015

| align="center" | 2027

|-

| {{sortname|Wendell|Felder}}

| Ward 7

|

| align="center" | 2025

| align="center" | 2029

|-

| Vacant

| Ward 8

|

| align="center" | TBD

| align="center" | 2029

|}

As of December 2018, the eight ward and four at-large council members receive an annual salary of $140,161, while the council chairman receives an annual salary of $210,000.{{cite news|url=https://dchr.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/dchr/publication/attachments/public_body_employee_information_09302018.pdf|title=DC Government Employee Listing|date=September 30, 2018|newspaper=District of Columbia Department of Human Resources|access-date=December 31, 2018}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-mayor-council-chair-and-attorney-general-would-get-20k-raises-with-new-bill/2018/10/12/3693de9e-ce50-11e8-a3e6-44daa3d35ede_story.html|title=D.C. mayor, council chair and attorney general would get $20,000 raises with new bill|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=December 31, 2018}} According to a 2011 article in The Washington Post, the DC council were the second-highest-paid local representatives of large cities in the United States.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/02/AR2011020202953.html |title=D.C. Council Salaries are second-highest among big U.S. cities |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=June 29, 2017 |date=February 2, 2011 |last=Craig |first=Tim }}

{{Portal|United States}}

• List of members of the Council of the District of Columbia
• Political party strength in Washington, D.C.
• Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.dccouncil.us/ Official website]
• [https://searcharchives.library.gwu.edu/repositories/2/resources/254 District of Columbia City Council Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826154448/https://searcharchives.library.gwu.edu/repositories/2/resources/254 |date=August 26, 2021 }}, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University.

{{United States legislatures}}

{{District of Columbia}}

{{Council of the District of Columbia}}

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District of Columbia

Category:Government of the District of Columbia

District of Columbia