Crawfish frog

The crawfish frog grows from 2.2 to 3.0 in (5.6 to 7.6 cm) in length.{{Cite web |title=Education |url=https://www2.illinois.gov:443/dnr/education/Pages/WAFTCrawfishFrog.aspx |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www2.illinois.gov |language=en-US}} It ranges from yellow to brown in color, with a white ventral surface. The numerous dark brown spots on the back of L. areolatus each has a light-colored ring around it.{{Cite web |title=Crawfish Frog – INHS Herpetology Collection |url=https://herpetology.inhs.illinois.edu/species-lists/ilspecies/crawfish-frog/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |language=en-US}} It has a distinct skin fold on either side of its back, which are much more pronounced in males than females, and a relatively small tympanum.

Crawfish frogs are found primarily in association with prairie or grassland habitat, though they will also make use of pastures and overgrown fields.{{Cite journal |last1=Busby |first1=William H. |last2=Brecheisen |first2=William R. |date=1997 |title=Chorusing Phenology and Habitat Associations of the Crawfish Frog, Rana areolata (Anura: Ranidae), in Kansas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30055263 |journal=The Southwestern Naturalist |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=210–217 |jstor=30055263 |issn=0038-4909}} This species spends most of the year in association with a terrestrial crayfish burrow. L. areolatus spends a substantial amount of time active and above ground even on hot summer days, but they never stray far from their burrow which serves as an important retreat from predators, a vital source of water, an escape from grassland fires, and a means to get below the frost line during winter. Crawfish frogs feed opportunistically on insects and other small invertebrates that pass by their burrow.

The crawfish frog breeds following mild, rainy weather in mid-March throughout most of its range (breeding occurs much earlier in the southern portion of its distribution). During this time, males seek out ephemeral ponds and wetlands that lack fish and begin calling. The low-frequency call may carry over a mile, drawing females in from the surrounding area.{{Cite book |last1=Lannoo |first1=Michael J. |last2=Stiles |first2=Rochelle M. |date=2020-03-16 |title=The Call of the Crawfish Frog |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343278 |doi=10.1201/9780429343278|isbn=9780429343278 |s2cid=216173648 }} Once the females arrive, amplexus is likely to take place{{Cite journal |last1=Kinney |first1=Vanessa C. |last2=Heemeyer |first2=Jennifer L. |last3=Pessier |first3=Allan P. |last4=Lannoo |first4=Michael J. |date=2011-03-10 |title=Seasonal Pattern of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection and Mortality in Lithobates areolatus: Affirmation of Vredenburg's "10,000 Zoospore Rule" |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e16708 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016708 |pmid=21423745 |pmc=3053364 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...616708K |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }} and the females deposit up to 7,000 eggs at a time in large, globular masses.{{Cite journal |last1=Lannoo |first1=Michael J. |last2=Stiles |first2=Rochelle M. |date=2017 |title=Effects of Short-term Climate Variation on a Long-lived Frog |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ch-16-449 |journal=Copeia |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=726–733 |doi=10.1643/ch-16-449 |s2cid=90837615 |issn=0045-8511|url-access=subscription }} The eggs hatch in an average of 12 days, and the tadpoles metamorphose into froglets within three or four months.{{Cite journal |last1=Parris |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Semlitsch |first2=Raymond D. |date=1998-08-10 |title=Asymmetric competition in larval amphibian communities: conservation implications for the northern crawfish frog, Rana areolata circulosa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00013822 |journal=Oecologia |volume=116 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–226 |doi=10.1007/pl00013822 |pmid=28308529 |bibcode=1998Oecol.116..219P |s2cid=21277102 |issn=0029-8549|url-access=subscription }} The newly metamorphosed juvenile frogs must quickly seek out a crayfish burrow to occupy to avoid predation. Crawfish frogs become sexually mature at two to three years of age and may live up to seven years or more in the wild.

File:Northern crawfish frog.jpg

The crawfish frog is found in portions of central and southern United States,{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Perry J. |last2=Robb |first2=Joseph R. |last3=Karns |first3=Daryl R. |date=2012 |title=Habitat Selection by Crawfish Frogs (Lithobates areolatus) in a Large Mixed Grassland/Forest Habitat |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/11-144 |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=682–688 |doi=10.1670/11-144 |s2cid=85658436 |issn=0022-1511|url-access=subscription }} from Indiana west to Kansas, south to Texas, and east to Mississippi. This species is largely associated with former prairie regions where crawfish burrows are found, but with the effects of habitat loss along with urbanization, many populations have been extirpated.{{Cite journal |last1=Lannoo |first1=Michael J. |last2=Stiles |first2=Rochelle M. |last3=Sisson |first3=Michael A. |last4=Swan |first4=Jonathan W. |last5=Terrell |first5=Vanessa C. K. |last6=Robinson |first6=Kelly E. |date=2017 |title=Patch Dynamics Inform Management Decisions in a Threatened Frog Species |journal=Copeia |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |doi=10.1643/ch-16-499 |issn=0045-8511|doi-access=free }}

In 2016 a sizable population was documented in Sumter County, Alabama.{{cite news| last=Pillion | first=Dennis | date=2016-03-17 | title=New frog species found in Alabama makes state second froggiest in the nation |url=http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2016/03/new_frog_species_found_in_alab.html |newspaper=al.com |access-date=2016-03-17 }}

A new county record was added in 2017 in Perry County, Arkansas within the Ouachita Mountains. See Notes below.

The crawfish frog is listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and is listed as endangered in Iowa (where it has likely been extirpated) and Indiana.{{Cite journal |last1=Engbrecht |first1=Nathan |last2=Lannoo |first2=Michael |date=2010 |title=A REVIEW OF THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF CRAWFISH FROGS (LITHOBATES AREOLATUS) IN INDIANA |journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science |pages=64–73}} According to the IUCN Red List, habitat loss is the biggest threat to this species, though disease (chytridiomycosis) and competitive pressure from other anurans have also been identified as potential stresses.

Conservation efforts are focused on protecting L. areolatus habitat. Crawfish frogs can travel more than 1 km between ponds during the breeding season, indicating that protected regions should be large enough to include multiple ponds.{{Cite journal |last1=Nunziata |first1=Schyler O. |last2=Lannoo |first2=Michael J. |last3=Robb |first3=Joseph R. |last4=Karns |first4=Daryl R. |last5=Lance |first5=Stacey L. |last6=Richter |first6=Stephen C. |date=2013 |title=Population and Conservation Genetics of Crawfish Frogs,Lithobates areolatus, at Their Northeastern Range Limit |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=361–368 |doi=10.1670/12-034 |s2cid=49699083 |issn=0022-1511}} Within these protected areas, mowing, plowing, and heavy vehicle use should all be limited in the summer. Additional conservation strategies include genetic management. This method of conservation is unlikely to take place until crawfish frog populations decrease significantly. If genetic management is required, recent studies have shown that genetic diversity within L. areolatus populations is strong and should be enough to maintain fitness.

The two subspecies of crawfish frog (L. areolatus) are:

• Southern crawfish frog, L. a. areolatus (Baird & Girard, 1852)
• Northern crawfish frog, L. a. circulosus (Davis and Rice, 1883)

LITHOBATES AREOLATUS CIRCULOSUS (Northern Crawfish Frog). USA: ARKANSAS: Perry Co.: Off Cherry Hill Loop Rd. (Co. Rd. 42), ca. 1.6 km S of St. Hwy 60 (34.967367ºN, 92.939558ºW; WGS 84, elev. 96.93 m) 23 February 2017. Anthony Holt. Verified by Christopher S. Thigpen. Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology (ASUMZ 33611). Calling adult male collected by hand from a tractor tire rut in a cattle pasture. New county record (Trauth et al. 2004. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 421 pp.). Adds an additional record within the Fourche Mountain subdivision of the Ouachita Mountains.

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{{Wikispecies|Lithobates areolatus circulosa}}

{{Wikispecies|Lithobates areolatus areolatus}}

{{Wikispecies|Rana areolatus}}

• [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?stat=BROWSE&query_src=photos_fauna_sci-Amphibian&where-lifeform=Amphibian&where-taxon=Rana+areolata&title_tag=Rana+areolata Rana areolata] at CalPhotos

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Category:Lithobates

Category:Endemic amphibians of the United States

Category:Amphibians described in 1852

Category:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird