Credit freeze
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=September 2017}}
A credit freeze (also known as a security freeze) allows an individual to control how a consumer reporting agency (also known as a credit bureau such as Equifax, Experian, TransUnion, and Innovis) is able to sell personal financial identity data.{{cite book|last1=Combley|first1=Roz|title=Cambridge Business English Dictionary|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-052-112250-4|page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnAEiEaSPikC|access-date=31 March 2022}} The credit freeze locks the data at the consumer reporting agency until the individual gives permission for the release of the data.{{cite web|url=https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/06/how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-embrace-the-security-freeze/|title=How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Embrace the Security Freeze — Krebs on Security|date=8 June 2015|website=krebsonsecurity.com|access-date=20 June 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/how-to-freeze-your-credit|title=How to freeze your credit|author-first1=Erica|author-last1=Lamberg|author-first2=Paul|author-last2=Kim|date=6 December 2022|website=Business Insider|access-date=20 June 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.idstrong.com/sentinel/credit-freeze-vs-lock/|title=Credit Freeze vs. Lock: What's the Difference?|date=5 August 2020|author-first=David|author-last=Lukic|website=idstrong.com|access-date=20 June 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/theyec/2022/10/11/my-identity-has-been-stolen-what-do-i-do-now-part-iii/?sh=824893e53d44|title=My Identity Has Been Stolen! What Do I Do Now?|date=11 October 2022|website=Forbes|author-first=Adam|author-last=Singer|access-date=20 June 2023}}
Typically, consumer reporting agencies only develop such a feature when prompted to by legislation. In Canada, this has led to TransUnion and Equifax not offering any form of credit freeze (instead directing consumers to their paid identity monitoring services, which have been described as 'ineffective'), until the passage of Quebec's Bill 53, the Credit Assessment Agents Act.{{Cite web|last=Cowley|first=Jenny|date=22 February 2019|title=Credit freezes are one easy way to protect against identity fraud — but they're not available in Canada|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/marketplace-identity-theft-credit-monitoring-freeze-1.4937903|url-status=live|website=CBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222130440/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/marketplace-identity-theft-credit-monitoring-freeze-1.4937903|archive-date=2019-02-22}}{{Cite web|date=1 November 2021|title=Equifax Canada Set to Release Freeze Designator Code in Q4 2022|url=https://www.truescreen.com/blogs/industry-news/2021/11/equifax-canada-set-to-release-freeze-designator-code-in-q4-2022/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.truescreen.com}}
Lifting a credit freeze requires a PIN.{{cite web|title=Can you join a class action suit if you use Equifax's free identity theft protection?|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/8/16276572/equifax-hack-protection-class-action-lawsuit-terms-of-service|website=Theverge.com|date=8 September 2017|access-date=20 June 2023|author-first=Adi|author-last=Robertson}} However, in September 2017, a security vulnerability in this system was identified: the PIN is in many cases guessable, and difficult or impossible to reset.{{cite web|last=Lieber|first=Ron|date=10 September 2017|title=After Equifax Breach, Here's Your Next Worry: Weak PINs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/10/your-money/identity-theft/equifax-breach-credit-freeze.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=20 June 2023|url-access=subscription}} Freezing one's credit will not prevent the credit score from changing. Existing companies with access to one's credit profile can still report positive and negative feedback on a credit profile, meaning if the credit profile is frozen, one's credit can still go up or down.{{Cite web|title=What Is a Credit Freeze? Should I Freeze My Credit?|url=https://www.lifelock.com/learn-credit-finance-credit-freeze.html#:~:text=Doesn't%20affect%20your%20credit,score%20to%20rise%20or%20fall.|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.lifelock.com|language=en}}
Canada
The first jurisdiction in Canada to legislatively provide for credit freezes was Quebec, with the passage of Bill 53 (the Credit Assessment Agents Act). Starting in February 2023, Quebec residents can place a freeze.{{Cite web |last=Aline |date=2023-02-02 |title=Credit lock: what you need to know about securing your file |url=https://milesopedia.com/en/personal-finance/credit-lock/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Milesopedia |language=en-CA}} As of February 2021, Ontario was considering changes to its Consumer Reporting Act that would provide for credit freezes.{{Cite web|last=Government of Ontario|first=Ministry of Economic Development|title=Government of Ontario, Canada|url=https://www.ontariocanada.com/registry/view.do?postingId=36227&language=en|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.ontariocanada.com}}
United States
All 50 states and the District of Columbia have a credit freeze law, the last state to pass such a law being Michigan in 2018.{{cite web|date=August 8, 2011|title=Security Freeze - Consumers Union|url=http://consumersunion.org/research/security-freeze/|website=Consumerunion.org|access-date=2017-09-16}}{{Cite web|title=Missouri Security Freeze Law|url=http://ago.mo.gov/ConsumerCorner/blog/10455/Missouris_credit_freeze_law_takes_effect_today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901054909/http://ago.mo.gov/ConsumerCorner/blog/10455/Missouris_credit_freeze_law_takes_effect_today/|archive-date=September 1, 2008}}{{Cite web|title=Alabama HB15 {{!}} 2012 {{!}} Regular Session|url=https://legiscan.com/AL/bill/HB15/2012|access-date=2016-07-07|website=LegiScan}}{{Cite web|title=New law allows credit freezes for everyone in Michigan|url=https://www.13abc.com/content/news/New-law-allows-credit-freezes-for-everyone-in-Michigan-485813031.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=13ABC News |date=18 June 2018 |language=en}}
The first state to pass a credit freeze law was California, with SB 1386 sponsored by Debra Bowen in 2002, effective 2003.{{cite web|title=SB 1386 Senate Bill - CHAPTERED|url=http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_1351-1400/sb_1386_bill_20020926_chaptered.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2007-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613110357/http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_1351-1400/sb_1386_bill_20020926_chaptered.html|archive-date=2007-06-13}} In late 2007, all three of the major credit bureaus (following TransUnion's lead) announced that they would let consumers freeze their credit reports, regardless of the state of residency.{{cite web|title=Newsroom TransUnion|url=http://newsroom.transunion.com/index.php?s=press_releases&item=432|website=newsroom.transunion.com}} State laws still apply, however, in instances where the cost or other details of the freeze are more favorable than they are under the industry-sponsored alternative.
Credit freezes are frequently viewed as the most effective way to prevent financial identity theft. Each year in the United States, approximately 15 percent of all cases of identity theft are cases of new account origination identity theft, according to the Federal Trade Commission.{{cite web |url=http://www.consumer.gov/idtheft/pdf/clearinghouse_2005.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716001354/http://www.consumer.gov/idtheft/pdf/clearinghouse_2005.pdf |archive-date=2006-07-16 }} This form of identity theft occurs when a criminal opens credit in another individual's name. In the credit origination process, access to a credit report is critical for a lender to make a risk assessment. Because a credit freeze effectively stops any access to the credit report, it places a block in the process of issuing credit. Individuals who freeze their credit reports must therefore unfreeze their reports before they wish to apply for credit themselves.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} However, these can be avoided with proper preplanning. With proper documentation, most individuals should be able to unfreeze your credit scores with all three bureaus within 15 to 20 minutes. Generally, electronic unfreezing process takes effect immediately.
A credit freeze can also be placed on the credit file with The National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange (NCTUE) in order to limit fraud through a bad actor creating a utilities account in some else's name.{{cite web | url=https://nctue.com/consumers/ | title=Consumers – nctue }}
=Federal preemption of state laws=
In 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act was passed. This act included a provision that preempted state laws, replacing the wide variation of state laws with a federal one requiring all credit freezes to be free of charge. The law became effective on September 21, 2018, at which point credit bureaus were no longer able to charge for a freeze. Requests have to be completed within one business day if made online or via phone. They have three business days to comply with a request if received via mail.{{Cite web|url=https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/blog/2018/09/free-credit-freezes-are-here|title=Free credit freezes are here|date=21 September 2018|website=Federal Trade Commission|author-first1=Andrew|author-last1=Smith|author-first2=Gail|author-last2=Hillebrand|access-date=20 June 2023}}
References
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External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120626015836/https://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/general/2005-06-19-credit-cover-usat_x.htm Is freezing your credit the way to safeguard your ID?], USA Today, June 19, 2006
- [http://consumersunion.org/research/security-freeze/ State Security Freeze Laws], ConsumerUnion.org
- [http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/consume/freeze_leg.pdf Credit Freeze Survey] Majority of Americans are unaware of their ability to freeze their credit records, November 2007
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304080136/http://www.lawserver.com/maps/security-freeze-rights Map of State Security Freeze Laws], LawServer.com
- [https://www.equifax.com/personal/credit-report-services/credit-freeze/ Equifax Credit Freeze Link]
- [https://www.transunion.com/credit-freeze/place-credit-freeze Transunion Credit Freeze Link]
- [https://www.innovis.com/personal/securityFreeze Innovis Credit Freeze Link]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060716001354/http://www.consumer.gov/idtheft/pdf/clearinghouse_2005.pdf FTC Identity Theft Victim Complaint Data] January 1 to December 31, 2005, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC, USA, Pg. 6 Figure 5, "How Victims' Information is Misused."
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