Cremunés dialect
{{Short description|Western Lombard dialect of Cremona, Italy}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Cremunés
|altname = Cremonese
|states = Italy
|speakers =
|date =
|ref =
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = Italic
|fam3 = Latino-Faliscan
|fam4 = Romance
|fam5 = Italo-Western
|fam6 = Western Romance
|fam7 = Gallo-Romance
|fam8 = Gallo-Italic
|fam9 = Lombard–Piedmontese?{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Glottolog |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130658/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=Leipzig |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}
|fam10 = Lombard
|fam11 = Western Lombard
|fam12 = Southwestern Lombard
|isoexception = dialect
|glotto = none
}}
Cremonese (Cremunés) is a dialect of the Western Lombard dialect group spoken in the city and province of Cremona in Lombardy, Italy, with the exception of Crema and the area of Soresina, where an Eastern Lombard dialect is spoken,{{cite book |last1=Sanga |first1=Glauco |title=Dialettologia lombarda : lingue e culture popolari |date=1984 |publisher=Aurora |location=Pavia |page=8 |url=https://www.academia.edu/58580155 |access-date=6 June 2022}} and the area of Casalmaggiore, where a form of Emilian{{cite book |last1=Poletto |first1=Cecilia |author-link=Cecilia Poletto|title=The higher functional field : evidence from northern Italian dialects |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195350876 |pages=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVFXUxTp4SkC |access-date=5 June 2022}} closely related to Parmigiano{{cn|date=June 2022}} is spoken.
Being at the crossroad between the core areas of different Lombard varieties, Cremonese exhibits features from both Western Lombard and Eastern Lombard, and a few which are typical of dialects spoken in the nearby region of Emilia-Romagna. It is best classified within the Southwestern Lombard group of dialects.
Phonology
=Vowels=
The Cremonese dialect of the Lombard language has 9 vowel qualities, which can be either phonemically long or short, without any difference in quality.
The following 18 phonemes occur in stressed environments: /i/ /iː/ /y/ /yː/ /e/ /eː/ /ø/ /øː/ /ɛ/ /ɛː/ /a/ /aː/ /ɔ/ /ɔː/ /o/ /oː/ /u/ /uː/.
Vowel length is contrastive in stressed syllables. For example, /'veːder/ glass with a long /eː/ differs from /'veder/ to see, with a short /e/.{{cite journal |last1=Iosad |first1=Pavel |title=Rule scattering and vowel length in Northern Romance |journal=Papers in Historical Phonology |date=30 November 2016 |volume=1 |pages=218 |doi=10.2218/pihph.1.2016.1700 |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/31693744/1700_6341_1_PB.pdf |access-date=5 June 2022}} This is a reflex of the Proto-Romance rule of lengthening open syllables, which in Cremonese, has led to phonemic vowel length also being contrastive in penultimate-stressed words, as well as in monosyllabic words.{{cite journal |last1=Delucchi |first1=Rachele |title=Vowel Harmony and Vowel Reduction: The Case of Swiss Italian Dialects |journal=Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |date=2013 |volume=37 |issue=37 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3zd522zc |language=en}}
In unstressed position, only the following 6 vowels occur: /i/ /e/ /ø/ /ɛ/ /a/ /u/.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
Orthography
The publication of the Dizionario del dialetto cremonese in 1976 by the Comitato promotore di studi e ricerche di dialettologia, storia e folklore cremonese outlined an orthography for Cremonese.
The orthography is a follows:
- a as in Italian (andàa: to go, Italian: andare)
- è for open /ɛ/ (pulèer: Italian: pollaio)
- é for closed /e/ (fradél: Italian: fratello)
- i as in Italian (finìi: Italian: finire)
- ò for open /ɔ/ (bòon: Italian: buono)
- ó for closed /o/ (fióol: Italian: ragazzo)
- u as in Italian (pùl: Italian: pollo)
- ö as in French "eu" and German "ö" (nisöön: Italian: nessuno)
- ü as in French "u" and German "ü" (paüüra: Italian: paura)
Vowel length is represented by doubling the vowel letter, with the acute or grave diacritic removed for the second
References
{{Western Lombard language}}
{{Languages of Italy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cremunes dialect}}