Crepis

Crepis species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the broad-barred white moth. The fly Tephritis formosa is known to attack the capitula of this plant.{{cite book |author=White, I.M. |year=1984 |title=Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidea). |pages=134 pp |publisher=Royal Entomological Society of London |series=Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects |isbn=0901546682 |volume=10 pt 5a}}

Seeds of Crepis species are an important food source for some bird species.{{cite journal |journal=Animal Science |year=2005 |volume=81 |pages=199–203 |title=The influence of livestock management on habitat quality for farmland birds |author=D. L. Buckingham and W. J. Peach |issue=2 |url=http://www.bsas.org.uk/Publications/Animal_Science/text/Volume_81_Part_2/199/ |doi=10.1079/asc50700199|url-access=subscription }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Crepis can reproduce sexually or asexually. Crepis is insect-pollinated, typically by bees and other generalist pollinators.{{Cite journal |last1=Cheptou |first1=P.-O. |last2=Lepart |first2=J. |last3=Escarre |first3=J. |date=2002-08-21 |title=Mating system variation along a successional gradient in the allogamous and colonizing plant Crepis sancta (Asteraceae) |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=753–762 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00443.x |s2cid=82159600 |issn=1010-061X|doi-access=free }} Species in this genus are able to produce viable seeds through hybridization. Some of these hybrids (depending on their parent species) can reproduce themselves.{{Citation |last=Babcock |first=Ernest B. |title=Cytogenetics and Speciation in Crepis |date=1947 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60483-6 |series=Advances in Genetics |volume=1 |pages=69–93 |access-date=2023-03-21 |publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60483-6 |isbn=9780120176014 |url-access=subscription }} As an aster, flowers of Crepis are closely clustered on a capitulum, which is surrounded by petal-like rays. Asexual reproduction (or autogamy) between flowers on the same capitulum has been observed in the genus.{{Cite journal |last1=Cheptou |first1=P.O. |last2=Lepart |first2=J. |last3=Escarre |first3=J. |date=2001-01-01 |title=Differential outcrossing rates in dispersing and non-dispersing achenes in the heterocarpic plant Crepis sancta (Asteraceae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1011961905525 |journal=Evolutionary Ecology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1023/a:1011961905525 |bibcode=2001EvEco..15....1C |s2cid=45368325 |issn=0269-7653|url-access=subscription }}

As with several other genera in Asteraceae, multiple Crepis species exhibit apomixis, a form of asexual reproduction where flowers produce clonal seeds without need of fertilization.{{Cite journal |last1=Hörandl |first1=E. |last2=Hojsgaard |first2=D. |date=2012-09-01 |title=The evolution of apomixis in angiosperms: A reappraisal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11263504.2012.716795 |journal=Plant Biosystems |volume=146 |issue=3 |pages=681–693 |doi=10.1080/11263504.2012.716795 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |issn=1126-3504}} Unlike sexually-reproducing individuals, which are diploid, apomicts are typically polyploid, with three or more sets of chromosomes.{{Cite journal |last1=Whitton |first1=Jeannette |last2=Sears |first2=Christopher J. |last3=Maddison |first3=Wayne P. |date=2017-12-06 |title=Co-occurrence of related asexual, but not sexual, lineages suggests that reproductive interference limits coexistence |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=284 |issue=1868 |pages=20171579 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.1579 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=5740271 |pmid=29212720}} The mechanism of apomixis in Crepis is apospory, wherein diploid tissue arises during meiosis in the ovule. Through apospory, asexual seeds can develop spontaneously in the flowers of a non-apomictic Crepis.{{Cite journal |last1=Stebbins |first1=G. L. |last2=Jenkins |first2=J. A. |date=1939-05-01 |title=Aposporic development in the North American species of Crepis |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01508152 |journal=Genetica |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=191–224 |doi=10.1007/BF01508152 |s2cid=13385832 |issn=1573-6857|url-access=subscription }}

Crepis is part of the Cichorieae tribe in Asteraceae, and is one of several genera of that tribe that exhibits apomixis.{{Cite journal |last1=Fehrer |first1=Judith |last2=Bertrand |first2=Yann J. K. |last3=Hartmann |first3=Matthias |last4=Caklová |first4=Petra |last5=Josefiová |first5=Jiřina |last6=Bräutigam |first6=Siegfried |last7=Chrtek |first7=Jindřich |date=2022-09-30 |title=A Multigene Phylogeny of Native American Hawkweeds (Hieracium Subgen. Chionoracium, Cichorieae, Asteraceae): Origin, Speciation Patterns, and Migration Routes |journal=Plants |language=en |volume=11 |issue=19 |pages=2584 |doi=10.3390/plants11192584 |issn=2223-7747 |pmc=9571344 |pmid=36235450 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Rousi |first=Arne |date=1973 |title=Studies on the cytotaxonomy and mode of reproduction of Leontodon (Compositae) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23725033 |journal=Annales Botanici Fennici |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=201–215 |jstor=23725033 |issn=0003-3847}}{{Cite journal |last1=MOGIE |first1=MICHAEL |last2=FORD |first2=HENRY |date=1988-10-01 |title=Sexual and asexual Taraxacum species |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00463.x |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=155–168 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00463.x |issn=0024-4066|url-access=subscription }} The largest group of asexual species is found in North America, and is referred to as the "North American Crepis agamic complex" The agamic complex may have first arisen in the Pliocene, between 5.3 and 2.6 million years ago.{{Cite book |last=Babcock, E.B., Stebbins, G.L. |title=The American Species of Crepis; Their Interrelationships and Distribution as Affected by Polyploidy and Apomixis |publisher=Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication |year=1938 |language=English}} At least one Eurasian Crepis species, C. tectorum, has been observed to self-fertilize. Another agamic complex is thought to exist in Asia.{{Cite journal |last=Andersson |first=Stefan |date=1989-09-01 |title=The evolution of self-fertility inCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00936101 |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=168 |issue=3 |pages=227–236 |doi=10.1007/BF00936101 |bibcode=1989PSyEv.168..227A |s2cid=12708772 |issn=1615-6110|url-access=subscription }} Species known to produce apomicts include C. acuminata, C. barbigera, C. intermedia, and C. occidentalis. Polyploid individuals may still be able to carry out sexual reproduction and therefore produce sexual offspring, allowing for the formation of new polyploid hybrids.

Apomictic individuals can prevent reproduction in sexual individuals in multiple ways. Like other apomictic species in Cichorieae, polyploid apomicts may still produce viable pollen that can be transferred to sexual diploids through the normal process of pollination.{{Cite journal |last1=Meirmans |first1=P. G. |last2=Den Nijs |first2=H. (j) C. M. |last3=Van Tienderen |first3=P. H. |date=2006-01-01 |title=Male sterility in triploid dandelions: asexual females vs asexual hermaphrodites |journal=Heredity |language=en |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |doi=10.1038/sj.hdy.6800750 |pmid=16189541 |s2cid=2326241 |issn=1365-2540|doi-access=free }} The mixed apomict-sexual parantage may produce a polyploid hybrid (as has been observed when the apomictic C. barbigera breeds with diploid species C. atribarba{{Cite journal |last1=Hersh |first1=Evan |last2=Grimm |first2=Jaime |last3=Whitton |first3=Jeannette |date=2016-09-01 |title=Attack of the clones: reproductive interference between sexuals and asexuals in the Crepis agamic complex |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=6 |issue=18 |pages=6473–6483 |doi=10.1002/ece3.2353 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=5058521 |pmid=27777723|bibcode=2016EcoEv...6.6473H }}). Seed set in the diploid may be reduced, or the pollen may produce hybrid seeds that are unable to reproduce or survive to a normal lifespan.{{Cite journal |last=Andersson |first=Stefan |date=1993-03-01 |title=Morphometric differentiation, patterns of interfertility, and the genetic basis of character evolution inCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937777 |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=184 |issue=1 |pages=27–40 |doi=10.1007/BF00937777 |bibcode=1993PSyEv.184...27A |s2cid=24288667 |issn=1615-6110|url-access=subscription }} The pollen from the apomict may also prevent germination of pollen from a diploid flower. When pollen from a polyploid individual fertilizes diploid flowers, the resultant seeds are typically polyploid, which lowers the diploid population over generations.

As a result of this reproductive interference, sexual reproduction between diploid plants is reduced when apomicts enter a population. Because diploid species require pollen exchange to reproduce and apomicts can produce seeds by parthenogenesis, apomicts do not suffer any reproductive consequences in a mixed diploid-polyploid population. Meanwhile, the reproductive success of sexually-reproducing diploids falls, resulting in diploids being found more often in populations isolated from apomicts.

Although apomixis has been considered a "blind alley of evolution", research into apomictic species and species complexes has cast doubt on this. Apomictic clades elsewhere in Cichorieae have demonstrated an ability to "revert" to a sexual mode of reproduction, reducing the risk of extinction through lack of introgression. Speciation in Crepis has occurred through its ability to self-fertilize, hybridize, and form polyploid apomicts.

Apomixis can facilitate range expansion in ways that sexual reproduction does not. Apomicts do not require input of genetic material for another individual, and can therefore produce seeds on maturity without the aid of pollinators. This allows apomictic populations to expand into new geographic areas more rapidly than sexual ones. Because apomixis in Crepis involves multiple ploidy levels, there is sufficient genetic variation for adaptation to novel ecosystems.{{Citation |last1=Hojsgaard |first1=Diego |title=Apomixis as a Facilitator of Range Expansion and Diversification in Plants |date=2015 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19932-0_16 |work=Evolutionary Biology: Biodiversification from Genotype to Phenotype |pages=305–327 |access-date=2023-03-09 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-19931-3 |last2=Hörandl |first2=Elvira|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-19932-0_16 |url-access=subscription }} Additionally, some Crepis apomict species have the ability to hybridize with other apomicts, resulting in genetic recombination alongside parthenogenesis.{{Cite journal |last1=Whitton |first1=Jeannette |last2=Dlugosch |first2=Katrina M. |last3=Sears |first3=Christopher J. |date=2008-08-01 |title=Molecular and morphological evidence for and against gene flow in sympatric apomicts of the North American Crepis agamic complex (Asteraceae) |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/B08-071 |journal=Botany |language=en |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=877–885 |doi=10.1139/B08-071 |issn=1916-2790|url-access=subscription }}

In Crete, Greece the leaves of Crepis commutata which are called {{transliteration|grc|glykosyrida}} ({{lang|grc|γλυκοσυρίδα}}) are eaten raw, boiled, steamed or browned in salads. Another two species on the same island, Crepis vesicaria, called {{transliteration|grc|kokkinogoula}} ({{lang|grc|κοκκινογούλα}}), {{transliteration|grc|lekanida}} ({{lang|grc|λεκανίδα}}) or {{transliteration|grc|prikousa}} ({{lang|grc|πρικούσα}}) and a local variety called {{transliteration|grc|maryies}} ({{lang|grc|μαργιές}}) or {{transliteration|grc|pikrouses}} ({{lang|grc|πικρούσες}}) have both its leaves and tender shoots eaten boiled by the locals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}

The genus Crepis is a rich source of costus lactone-type guaianolides,{{cite journal |year=2008 |author=Zidorn, C. |title=Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae |volume=69 |pages=2270–2296 |issn=0031-9422 |journal=Phytochemistry |issue=12 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013 |pmid=18715600|bibcode=2008PChem..69.2270Z }} a class of sesquiterpene lactones.

Phenolics found in Crepis include luteolin-type flavonoids and caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives such as chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Moreover, Crepis species contain the caffeoyl tartaric acid derivatives caffeoyl tartaric acid and cichoric acid.{{cite journal |year=2008 |author=Zidorn, C. |title=Phenolics as chemosystematic markers in and for the genus Crepis (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) |volume=76 |pages=743–50 |issn=0036-8709 |journal=Scientia Pharmaceutica (Vienna, Austria) |issue=4 |doi=10.3797/scipharm.0810-25 |display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}

{{main|List of Crepis species|l1 = List of Crepis species}}

There are about 200 species in the genus.

File:Liiv-koeratubakas (Crepis tectorum).jpg]]

File:Crepis pyrenaica (Pyrenäen-Pippau) IMG 4516.JPG]]

File:Crepis aurea01.jpg]]

File:Bombus soroeensis - Crepis tectorum - Keila2.jpg

Species include:

• Crepis acuminata – tapertip hawksbeard, longleaf hawk's-beard
• Crepis alpestris
• Crepis alpina
• Crepis aspera
• Crepis atribarba – dark hawk's-beard, slender hawk's-beard
• Crepis aurea – golden hawk's-beard
• Crepis bakeri – Baker's hawksbeard
• Crepis barbigera – bearded hawk's-beard
• Crepis biennis – rough hawksbeard
• Crepis bungei
• Crepis bursifolia – Italian hawksbit
• Crepis capillaris – smooth hawksbeard, green crepis
• Crepis conyzifolia
• Crepis dioscoridis
• Crepis foetida – stinking hawksbeard, roadside hawk's-beard
• Crepis incana – pink dandelion
• Crepis intermedia – limestone hawksbeard, small-flower hawk's-beard
• Crepis kotschyana
• Crepis micrantha
• Crepis modocensis – Modoc hawksbeard, Siskiyou hawksbeard
• Crepis mollis – northern hawksbeard
• Crepis monticola – mountain hawksbeard
• Crepis nicaeensis – French hawksbeard, Turkish hawksbeard
• Crepis occidentalis – largeflower hawksbeard, gray hawk's-beard, western hawk's-beard
• Crepis palaestina{{Cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:200121-1 |title=Crepis palaestina (Boiss.) Bornm. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science}}
• Crepis paludosa – marsh hawksbeard
• Crepis pannonica – pasture hawksbeard
• Crepis phoenix
• Crepis pleurocarpa – nakedstem hawksbeard, naked hawk's-beard
• Crepis pontana
• Crepis praemorsa – leafless hawksbeard
• Crepis pulchra – small-flower hawk's-beard
• Crepis pygmaea – pygmy hawksbeard
• Crepis pyrenaica
• Crepis rubra – red hawksbeard, pink hawk's-beard
• Crepis runcinata – fiddleleaf hawksbeard
• Crepis sancta – holy hawksbeard
• Crepis setosa – bristly hawksbeard
• Crepis sibirica
• Crepis sodiroi
• Crepis tectorum – narrow-leaved hawksbeard
• Crepis thompsonii
• Crepis vesicaria – beaked hawksbeard, dandelion hawk's-beard, weedy hawk's-beard
• Crepis zacintha – striped hawksbeard

{{Reflist}}

• [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CREPI USDA Plants Profile of Crepis species in North America]
• [https://archive.today/20130813032702/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3068 GRIN Species Report on Crepis]
• [http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=108351 Flora of China: Crepis]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q727610}}

Category:Asteraceae genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus