Cromemco Cyclops
{{Short description|First all-digital solid-state camera}}
{{Infobox camera
| camera_name = Cromemco Cyclops Camera
| image = Cyclops Digital Camera (1976).JPG
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| caption = First all-digital solid-state camera.
| maker = Cromemco
| type =
| sensor = modified 1kb RAM IC
| sensor_type = digital
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| res = 32 × 32 pixels, 4 bits per pixel
| lens_mount = D-mount
| lens = 25mm f2.8
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| frame_rate = 30 Hz
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| date = 1975
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The Cromemco Cyclops, introduced in 1975 by Cromemco, was the first commercial all-digital camera using a digital metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) image sensor.{{cite web |last1=Benchoff|first1=Brian|title=Building the First Digital Camera|url=http://hackaday.com/2016/04/17/building-the-first-digital-camera/|website=Hackaday|accessdate=30 April 2016|date=17 April 2016|quote=the Cyclops was the first digital camera}} It was also the first digital camera to be interfaced to a microcomputer. The digital sensor for the camera was a modified 1{{nbsp}}kb dynamic RAM (DRAM) memory chip that offered a resolution of 32 × 32 pixels (0.001 megapixels).
Background
File:Cyclops Camera - Popular Electronics correspondence 1974.jpg, dated July 25, 1974, regarding a cover story for the Cyclops camera project.]]
File:Roger Melen, Terry Walker, and Harry Garland at CHM (2017).jpg, Terry Walker, and Harry Garland (shown in 2017) co-authored the 1975 Cyclops article for Popular Electronics.]]
The Cyclops Camera was developed by Terry Walker, Harry Garland, and Roger Melen, and introduced as a hobbyist construction project in the February 1975 issue of Popular Electronics magazine.{{cite magazine |magazine= Popular Electronics |title= Build Cyclops |last1= Walker |first1= Terry |last2= Garland |first2= Harry |last3= Melen |first3= Roger |volume= 7 |issue= 2 |pages= 27–31 |publisher= Ziff Davis |date=February 1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/197502PopularElectronics/page/n28/mode/1up}}
File:Cyclops digital video camera image.jpg
One month earlier the MITS Altair 8800 microcomputer had been introduced in this same magazine.{{cite magazine |last1=Edwards|first1=H. Edward|last2=Yates |first2=William |date=January 1975 |title= Altair 8800 minicomputer |magazine= Popular Electronics |volume= 7 |issue= 1 |pages= 33–38 |publisher= Ziff Davis |url=https://archive.org/details/197501PopularElectronics/page/n28/mode/1up}} Les Solomon, technical editor of Popular Electronics, saw the value of interfacing the Cyclops to the Altair, and put Roger Melen (co-developer of the Cyclops) in contact with Ed Roberts (president of MITS) to discuss a collaboration.{{cite book |last1=Freiberger |first1=Paul |authorlink1=Paul Freiberger |last2=Swaine |first2=Michael |year=2000 |title=Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer |url=https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei |url-access=registration |edition=Second |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=[https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei/page/48 48]|isbn=9780071358958 }}
Roger Melen met with Ed Roberts at MITS headquarters in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Roberts encouraged Melen to interface the Cyclops to the Altair, promising to ship Melen an early Altair computer so that he and his colleagues could begin work on this project.{{cite book |last=Levy|first=Steven|title=Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution|year=1984|publisher=Anchor Press/Doubleday|location=Garden City, NY|isbn=0-385-19195-2|pages=202}}
Roger Melen formed a partnership with Harry Garland to produce the Cyclops Camera, and other products for the Altair computer. They named their new venture "Cromemco" after the Stanford University dormitory (Crothers Memorial Hall) where they both had lived as graduate students.{{cite book |last1=Levering |first1=Robert |first2=Michael |last2=Katz |first3=Milton |last3=Moskowitz |title=The Computer Entrepreneurs |publisher=New American Library |year=1984 |isbn=0-453-00477-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/computerentrepre00leve/page/36 36–40] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/computerentrepre00leve/page/36 }} In January 1976 MITS introduced the Cromemco Cyclops Camera as the first peripheral for the Altair Computer.{{cite book |last=Allen|first=Paul|title=Idea Man: A Memoir by the Cofounder of Microsoft|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Group|location=New York|isbn=978-1-59184-537-9|page=108|quote=The Altair even debuted a digital camera back in 1976.}}{{cite web|last=Holley|first=Michael|url=http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/PopularElectronics/Feb1975/PE_Feb1975.htm|title=Popular Electronics, February 1975|accessdate=2014-10-31|quote=The Cyclops was the first product of Cromemco. It was modified to be used with the Altair 8800 computer and an advertisement ran in the January 1976 issue of MITS Computer Notes.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923071823/http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/PopularElectronics/Feb1975/PE_Feb1975.htm|archive-date=2014-09-23|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal |date=January 1976 |title=Cyclops |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=7 |page=8 |publisher=MITS |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_1&p=8 |accessdate=May 8, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100202/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_1&p=8 |archivedate=October 6, 2014 }}
Technology
File:Cromemco 1024-element image sensor used in Cyclops Camera (1975).jpg
File:Cromemco Cyclops Camera (1976) 2.jpg
The Cyclops Camera used an innovative image sensor that was actually a modified MOS computer memory chip.{{cite web |title=CROMEMCO Computing|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/3-5-CROMEMCO.html|quote=The sensor for that camera was a memory chip.|accessdate=2014-10-31}} The opaque cover on the chip was removed and replaced with a glass lid. The theory of operation was described in the original Popular Electronics article. Initially the 1024 memory locations, which were arranged in a 32 × 32 array, were filled with all 1s. Light shining on these memory cells would cause their contents to change to 0s. The stronger the light, the more quickly a cell would change from 1 to 0.
The Cyclops used a 25mm f2.8 D-mount lens to focus an image on the sensor array. The memory array was scanned once to store all 1’s in the memory elements. This was quickly followed by a series of 15 read-out scans. The cells that had the most incident light (i.e. the brightest parts of the picture) changed from 1 to 0 the soonest. Cells with little or no incident light (i.e. the darkest areas of the picture) would not change at all. So with a series of scans the Cyclops could produce a digital, gray-scale representation of the image.
The Cyclops also had two bias lights that could be used to increase its sensitivity in low-light environments. These lights could be adjusted either manually or under computer control to shine a uniform, low level of light on the sensor. Once adjusted, the Cyclops would then be sensitive to even the smallest amount of incident light from an image, even in low-light situations.
Legacy
Today solid-state digital cameras are ubiquitous. A high-resolution digital camera sensor today (2019) may contain 40 million sensor elements (40 megapixels) which is 40,000 times more than the 0.001 megapixel sensor of the Cyclops.{{cite web |title=Toshiba Launches Highly Sensitive 20MP BSI CMOS Image Sensor|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/26/toshiba-semiconductor-idUSnBwlxt3ba+80+BSW20121226|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101033842/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/26/toshiba-semiconductor-idUSnBwlxt3ba+80+BSW20121226|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-11-01|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2014-10-31}}{{cite book |last=Veit|first=Stan|title=Stan Veit's History of the Personal Computer|year=1993|publisher=WorldComm|isbn=1-56664-023-7|page=108}}
References
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External links
- {{youtube|1gmSeVfmZHw|Video of Cromemco Cyclops Camera creator J. Terry Walker recalling his background, describing the conception and design of the Cyclops camera and demonstrating the camera.}}
- {{youtube|2y5oVHNfbf8&l|Video of the Cromemco Cyclops Camera being used to control a ball going through a maze.}}
- [https://twitter.com/thegurumeditate/status/1003619102051717120?lang=en Video of the Cromemco Cyclops Camera being demonstrated at the 2018 East Coast Vintage Computer Festival.]
- {{youtube|I1nkrHQ64WM|Video of a simulation of the Cromemco Cyclops Camera running in an IMSAI simulation.}}
- [http://www.hartetechnologies.com/manuals/Cromemco/Cromemco%2088%20CCC%20Manual.pdf Cromemco Cyclops Camera Controller manual.]
- [http://www.hartetechnologies.com/manuals/Cromemco/Cromemco%2088%20ACC%20Manual.pdf Cromemco Cyclops Camera manual.]
{{Commons category|Cromemco digital cameras}}