Cross-Harbour Tunnel

{{short description|Tunnel crossing Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong}}

{{For|the proposed tunnel between New York and New Jersey|Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel}}

{{Infobox tunnel

| name = Cross-Harbour Tunnel

| image = Cross Harbour Tunnel (1).JPG

| image_alt =

| image_size = 275px

| caption = Entrance to the tunnel in Hung Hom, Kowloon in September 2012

| line =

| location = Beneath Victoria Harbour, between Hung Hom Bay and Kellet Island

| coordinates = {{coord|22|17|29|N|114|10|56|E|name=Cross-Harbour Tunnel}}

| system = Part of Route 1 15px

| status = Active

| start = Hung Hom Bay, Kowloon
(between Hong Chong Road and Salisbury Road)

| end = Kellet Island, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong Island
(Canal Road Flyover)

| owner = Hong Kong Government

| operator = Chun Wo Tunnel Management Limited

| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1972|8|2}}

| close =

| character =

| traffic = Vehicular

| vpd = 116,754

| lanes = 4 lanes (2 lanes per direction) in road tunnel with 3 lanes per direction on exit

| length = {{convert|1.86|km}}

| el =

| speed = {{convert|70|kph|mph}} (within tunnel)
{{convert|50|kph|mph}} (exit and entrance to tunnel)

| hielevation =

| lowelevation=

| height =

| grade =

| embedded = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=12 |height=250 | stroke-width=1.5 |coord {{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}

}}

{{Infobox Chinese

|align = right

|showflag = j

|c = 海底隧道

|y = Hóidái Seuihdouh

|j = Hoi2dai2 Seoi6dou6

|p = Hǎidǐ Suìdào

|l = Seabed tunnel

|t2 = 紅磡海底隧道

|s2 = 红磡海底隧道

|y2 = Hùhngham Hóidái Seuihdouh

|j2 = Hung4ham3 Hoi2dai2 Seoi6dou6

|p2 = Hóngkàn Hǎidǐ Suìdào

|l2 = Hung Hom seabed tunnel

}}

The Cross-Harbour Tunnel (abbreviated CHT or XHT) is the first tunnel in Hong Kong built underwater. It consists of two steel road tunnels, each with two lanes constructed using the single shell immersed tube method.The Hong Kong Cross-Harbour tunnel (Figure 11-3 and Figure 11-12). [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/tunnel/ Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road Tunnels – Civil Elements Chapter 11 – Immersed Tunnels]. United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration. Updated: 4 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-01-18.

It is the earliest of three vehicular harbour crossings in Hong Kong, opened for traffic in 1972. It was constructed under a 30-year private-sector franchise based on a build–operate–transfer (BOT) model, and the title passed to the Hong Kong government in 1999 upon termination of the franchise. It has become one of the most congested roads in Hong Kong and the world, with 116,753 vehicles passing through it daily in 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1430671/drivers-facing-three-more-years-jams-cross-harbour-tunnel?page=all|title=Drivers facing three more years of jams in Cross-Harbour Tunnel|work=South China Morning Post|date=19 February 2014|access-date=28 August 2014}}

History

File:HK Harbour Tunnel Traffic Suspended.jpg

The Hong Kong government used the BOT model for the implementation of the tunnel project; financing and construction was the responsibility of a private enterprise, which was granted a concession to operate and collect tolls for 30 years. The concession was given to the then Cross-Harbour Tunnel Company Limited ({{lang-zh|t=香港隧道有限公司}}), today the Cross-Harbour Holdings Limited ({{lang|zh-Hant|港通控股有限公司}}), which was founded in 1965 to carry out the tunnel project. The Hong Kong government participated to the tune of 20% in order not to fully hand over their influence on the project. The tunnel was designed with two lanes in each direction for a capacity of 80,000 vehicles. The project was structurally managed jointly by the British engineering firms Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners and Freeman Fox & Partners. The tunnel links the main financial and commercial districts on both sides of Victoria Harbour, connecting Kellett Island (a former island now connected to Hong Kong Island by reclamation), with a reclaimed site on the western side of Hung Hom Bay, Kowloon, off then Hong Kong Technical College. The toll plaza is located at the Hung Hom end of the tunnel, and has 14 toll booths. It provides the first road link and the first link for land transport between Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. Prior to the opening of the tunnel, cross-harbour vehicular traffic depended on ferries and for passengers, the Star Ferry. The project was joint-engineered by Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners and Freeman Fox & Partners.http://scottwilsonscotlandhistory.co.uk/Appendix%201%20Mainly%20Projects/SW%20History%20Doc%2013%20Appx%201%20HK%20Cross-Harbour%20Tunnel%20Opening%201972.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}

Construction began in September 1969 and was to last four years. The concession period ran from the start of construction, and the operator accordingly completed the construction one year faster than planned. On 2 August 1972, the tunnel was opened for traffic, charging HK$5 per car crossing. After just three and a half years of operation, the operator had recouped the construction costs.

In 1984, the Hong Kong Government introduced a tax in addition to the operator's toll to make the overcrowded tunnel less priced. The price for a car transit was now HK$10.

In 1993, an electronic toll collection system was installed. Together with measures to control the flow of traffic, the vehicle capacity could be increased.

It was administered by The Cross-Harbour Tunnel Company Ltd until August 1999, when the operation franchise agreement expired and the government assumed control. From 1 November 2010, the tunnel was managed, operated and maintained by Serco on a contract basis.[http://www.serco-hk.com/eng/cht.htm "Transport–Cross-Harbour Tunnel"]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The tunnel was then operated by Chun Wo Tunnel Management Limited, which was awarded a contract lasting from 2016 to 2022. On 1 November 2022, Serco took over from Chun Wo Tunnel Management Limited.

The 2017 Hong Kong action film Shock Wave, starring Andy Lau, set its main plot in the tunnel.

In November 2019, Hong Kong protesters set roadblocks across the northern tunnel entrance and set fire to tollbooths, as many roads around the Polytechnic University were blocked, leading to the closure of the tunnel for a dozen of days.[https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3037453/hong-kong-protests-city-braces-third-straight-day-travel As it happened: Hong Kong protesters set Cross-Harbour Tunnel tollbooth alight again as tear gas fired in Kwai Chung and Yuen Long] South China Morning Post, 13 November 2019, retrieved 15 November 2019.

=Fees=

class="wikitable"
width="200" height="13" \| !width="74" \| Initial (1972) !width="74" \| From 1984 !width="74" \| From 1992 !width="74" \| From 1999 !width="74" \| From 23 July 2023
style="text-decoration:none" height="13" valign="bottom" \| Private car \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $5 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $10 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $10 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $20 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $30
height="13" valign="bottom" \| Taxi \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $5 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $10 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $10 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $10 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $25
height="13" valign="bottom" \| Light goods vehicle (LGV) \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $10 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $15 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $15 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $15 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $50
height="14" valign="bottom" \| Heavy goods vehicle (HGV) \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $20 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $25 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $30 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $30 \| align="right" valign="bottom" \| $70
valign="bottom" \| colspan="6" style="font-size:8pt" height="13" \| Source: Consultancy report,[http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/policy/transport/policy/consultation/RHC_Executive_Summary_eng.pdf "Consultancy Study on Rationalising the Utilisation of Road Harbour Crossings"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095138/http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/policy/transport/policy/consultation/RHC_Executive_Summary_eng.pdf \|date=23 February 2014 }}. Wilbur Smith Associates Limited, November 2010 Transport Department{{Cite web \|title=Time-varying Toll Plans Summary Table \|url=https://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_5014/Toll%20Schedule%20for%20Time-varying%20Toll.pdf \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124042454/https://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_5014/Toll%20Schedule%20for%20Time-varying%20Toll.pdf \|archive-date=2023-11-24 \|access-date=1 August 2024 \|website=Transport Department}}

class="wikitable"

width="200" height="13" |

!width="74" | Initial (1972)

!width="74" | From 1984

!width="74" | From 1992

!width="74" | From 1999

!width="74" | From 23 July 2023

style="text-decoration:none" height="13" valign="bottom" | Private car

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $5

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $10

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $20

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $30

height="13" valign="bottom" | Taxi

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $5

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $10

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $25

height="13" valign="bottom" | Light goods vehicle (LGV)

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $10

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $15

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $50

height="14" valign="bottom" | Heavy goods vehicle (HGV)

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $20

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $25

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $30

| align="right" valign="bottom" | $70

valign="bottom"

| colspan="6" style="font-size:8pt" height="13" | Source: Consultancy report,[http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/policy/transport/policy/consultation/RHC_Executive_Summary_eng.pdf "Consultancy Study on Rationalising the Utilisation of Road Harbour Crossings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095138/http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/policy/transport/policy/consultation/RHC_Executive_Summary_eng.pdf |date=23 February 2014 }}. Wilbur Smith Associates Limited, November 2010 Transport Department{{Cite web |title=Time-varying Toll Plans Summary Table |url=https://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_5014/Toll%20Schedule%20for%20Time-varying%20Toll.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124042454/https://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_5014/Toll%20Schedule%20for%20Time-varying%20Toll.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-24 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Transport Department}}

The tunnel generates approximately HK$700 million in annual toll revenue.

In 2023, manual toll collectors have been phased out with [https://www.hketoll.gov.hk/ HKeToll], an electronic toll collection service introduced by the Transport Department.{{Cite web |title=Govt calls on drivers to apply for new e-toll tag - RTHK |url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1687144-20230209.htm?spTabChangeable=0 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=news.rthk.hk |language=en-gb}} Cash and Octopus Cards are no longer be accepted for payment, and the toll booths have been removed from the entrances of the tunnel.