Cross Tipperary

{{See also|Counties of Ireland#History}}

After the Norman invasion of Ireland, only the most securely controlled areas on the east and south coast were shired into "royal counties", with sheriffs answerable to the chief governor based in Dublin. Areas impractical of full control were granted to magnates as "liberties" or "palatine counties", with seneschals appointed by the local overlord. The "crosslands" owned by the church (whether the diocese or a religious order) were exempted from each such grant and remained under royal jurisdiction. Tipperary was a royal county in the 13th century, but the English Lordship of Ireland's control loosened after Edward Bruce's campaign of 1315–18. Control of Tipperary was tenuous and so the liberty was granted to James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond in 1328. The excluded crosslands became a separate county.Falkiner 1904, pp.133–4 They included the town of Cashel, seat of the Archbishop of Cashel, and scattered other crosslands.

Each of the other liberties was either forfeited or merged in the Crown, such that its territory was combined with the corresponding County of the Cross and established as a single royal county. Thus, eventually, only Cross Tipperary remained as an anomaly.

Only those lands in church ownership at the time of the 1328 grant were part of the county of the cross; lands acquired by the church subsequently were not added to it, and lands ceded by the church remained part of it. This was most notable after the Dissolution of the monasteries instigated by Henry VIII. The Irish Manuscripts Commission's report on Down Survey of the 1650s states, 'To establish the identity "of the lands of Abbeys and houses of religion within the precincts of Cross Tipperary" would be a considerable undertaking'.{{cite book |title=County of Tipperary. Western and northern baronies, with the return of crown and church lands for the whole county|url=https://www.irishmanuscripts.ie/product/the-civil-survey-a-d-1654-56-county-of-tipperary-vol-ii-western-and-northern-baronies-with-the-return-of-crown-and-church-lands-for-the-whole-county-10-vols-1931-61/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |series=The Civil Survey, A.D. 1654–1656|volume=2|publisher=Stationery Office for the Irish Manuscripts Commission |first=Robert C. |last=Simington |pages=xxv–xxvii|chapter=Introduction|year = 1931}} A 1600 list of freeholders in Cross Tipperary included holders of land in the baronies of Middle Third, Clanwilliam, Slievardagh, and Eliogarty, and the town of Clonmel.{{multiref|

{{cite book|last1=Brewer|first1=J.S.|last2=Bullen|first2=William |title=Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts: 1589–1600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb0MAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA480|year=1869|publisher=Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer|pages=480–481}}|

{{cite web |title=Freeholders of Cross Tipperary |publisher=The National Archives |location=London |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/6eb42ea2-ca4e-458b-932c-038aa8214b2d |access-date=29 June 2022 |language=English |date=28 November 1600 |quote=Edmond Butler of Cloghecullie}}

}} A county jury of Cross Tipperary in 1606 had members from Fethard, Ballyclerahan, Lattin, and elsewhere. Heffernan's partial list of crossland locations names Tipperary town, Cahir, Emly, Holy Cross Abbey, Athassel, Inislounaght, Moorestown Kirk, Cregstown, and Mollough.{{cite book |last=Heffernan |first=Patrick |title=The Heffernans and their times: a study in Irish history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty0fAAAAMAAJ |page=33 |access-date=14 August 2011 |year=1940 |publisher=J. Clarke}}

In 1606, Dough Arra was the unshired {{lang|ga|túath}} of the O'Brien-Arra sept, bounded by counties Clare, Limerick, Tipperary, and Cross Tipperary. King James I authorised the annexation of Dough Arra to Cross Tipperary because the latter, "albeit it be one of the most ancient Counties in the Kingdom, was of a very small Extent & Circuit, so as now it did scarce deserve the Name of a County, by reason of sundry Incroachments made thereupon".{{cite web |title=Inquisition of the lands in the territory of Dough-Arra, Tipperary |id=NAI Lodge/2/380 |url=https://virtualtreasury.ie/item?isadgReferenceCode=NAI%20Lodge%2F2%2F380 |website=Virtual Record Treasury of Ireland |access-date=29 June 2022 |date=1608}} After a commission to establish the boundaries of Dough Arra, Sir Nicholas Walsh, the Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, effected its annexation at the Cross Tipperary assizes in Cashel in 1606.{{cite book|last=Deputy keeper of the public records in Ireland|title=Fifth Report|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVYRAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA32|access-date=2011-08-14|series=C|volume=760|date=1873-04-26|publisher=HMSO|pages=32–37|chapter=Appendix 3: Extract from Report of the Assistant Deputy Keeper on the Records of the Court of Record of the County Palatine of Tipperary}}Falkiner 1904, pp.141–2 The new barony of Dough Arra was later merged with part of Uaithne (Owney) to form the modern barony of Owney and Arra.

Cross Tipperary was a separate county constituency from County Tipperary in the Irish House of Commons, although not every parliament returned members for both constituencies.{{multiref|

{{cite book|title=Return of the name of every member of the lower house of parliament of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with name of constituency represented, and date of return, from 1213 to 1874 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWMUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA632 |access-date=3 March 2019 |series=Command papers |volume=C.69-I|year=1878|publisher=HMSO|page=632|chapter=Part II; Parliaments of Ireland, 1559–1695; Tipperary}}|

{{cite web |last1=Lodge |first1=John |title=List of members returned to parliament for County Tipperary |id=NAI Lodge/20/120 |url=https://virtualtreasury.ie/item?isadgReferenceCode=NAI%20Lodge%2F20%2F120 |website=Virtual Record Treasury of Ireland |access-date=29 June 2022}}

}} The earliest record of members from Cross Tipperary dates from 1374.{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Robert Montgomery|author-link=Robert Montgomery Martin|title=Ireland Before and After the Union with Great Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNc9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9|year=1843|publisher=W. S. Orr and Company|page=9}}

Hugh Kearney suggests that Cross Tipperary's lack of representation in the 1639 parliament was a consequence of Thomas Wentworth's opposition to Catholic MPs.{{cite book|last=Kearney|first=Hugh F.|title=Strafford in Ireland 1633-1641: A Study in Absolutism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9qevjWyS8IC&pg=PA242|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521378222|page=242}}

In 1621, Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond forfeited the liberty by Quo Warranto. On 6 July 1637, letters patent were issued by which:{{cite web |last1=Lodge |first1=John |authorlink=John Lodge (archivist) |title=Union of the County and County Cross of Tipperary |id=NAI Lodge/21/352 |url=https://virtualtreasury.ie/item?isadgReferenceCode=NAI%20Lodge%2F21%2F352 |website=Virtual Document Treasury of Ireland |access-date=9 July 2022}}

:the Counties of Tipperary & Crosse Tipperary were really & actually united, annexed, appropriated incorporated, & consolidated together, to be one entire County, & to be for ever nominated, called & known by the Name of the County of Tipperary only, & to have but one High Sheriff to be appointed & chosen as of other Counties in Ireland, with Coroners, Justices of the Peace & Gaol Delivery & other officers & Ministers whatsoever according as in other Counties had been or was used & accustomed.

In 1662, after the Restoration, James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde was again granted palatine jurisdiction, this time including all the lands formerly in Cross Tipperary as well as those of the earlier grant. The letters patent making the grant stated that upon the 1621 seizure "the barony of Owny and Arra and divers other towns, villages, and townlands, scattered through the various baronies of the County Tipperary, and called the County of the Cross of Tipperary, were annexed to the County of Tipperary, and made part and parcel of the said County". This was despite the fact that Cross Tipperary returned MPs to the 1634 parliament.

James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde took the losing Jacobite side in the 1715 rising and was attainted by a 1715 Act of the Irish Parliament.{{cite book|last=Ireland|title=Statutes Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5|access-date=14 August 2011|volume=III: 1715–1733|year=1794|publisher=Printed by George Grierson, printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty|pages=5–11|chapter=2 George I c.8}} The act's long title begins "An Act for extinguishing the Regalities and Liberties of the County of Tipperary, and Cross Tipperary, commonly called the County Palatine of Tipperary". Section 2 stated:

:And it is hereby enacted and declared, That whatsoever has been denominated or called Tipperary, or Cross Tipperary, shall henceforth be and remain one county for ever, under the name of the county of Tipperary.

• {{cite thesis |type=PhD|last1=Empey |first1=C. A. |title=The Butler lordship in Ireland |chapter=The County of the Cross of Tipperary |pages=394–425 |chapter-url=http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/77140/Empey%20TCD%20THESIS%20369.1%20The%20Butler.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=415|publisher=Trinity College Dublin Department of History |location=Dublin, Ireland |access-date=27 February 2019 |language=en |date=1970}}
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Nolan|editor-first1=William|editor-last2=McGrath|editor-first2=Thomas G.|last=Empey|first=C. A.|title=Tipperary: History and Society : Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County|year=1985|publisher=Geography Publications|isbn=9780906602034|pages=71–92 |chapter=The Norman period, 1185–1500 |location=Dublin }}
• {{cite book |author-link=Caesar Litton Falkiner |last=Falkiner|first=Caesar Litton|title=Illustrations of Irish history and topography: mainly of the seventeenth century|url=https://archive.org/details/illustrationsir01jouvgoog|access-date=14 August 2011|year=1904|publisher=Longmans, Green|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustrationsir01jouvgoog/page/n134 108]–142|chapter=The Counties of Ireland}}

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{{coord missing|County Tipperary}}

Tipperary

Category:1328 establishments in Ireland

Category:Historic constituencies in County Tipperary

Tipperary

Category:1637 disestablishments in Ireland