Crossover voting
{{Short description|Term in United States primary elections}}
{{redir|Party hopping|the action of changing political parties by an elected official|party switching}}
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=October 2011}}
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In primary elections in the United States, crossover voting refers to a behavior in which voters cast ballots for a party with which they are not traditionally affiliated.{{cite web |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mz0z9c2.pdf |title=The Causes and Consequences of Crossover Voting in the 1998 California Elections |series=Working Papers |author=John M. Sides |author2=Jonathan Cohen |author3=Jack Citrin|authorlink3=Jack Citrin |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |date=31 December 1999 |accessdate=21 April 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://www.fairvote.org/research-and-analysis/presidential-elections/congressional-and-presidential-primaries-open-closed-semi-closed-and-top-two/ |title=Congressional and Presidential Primaries: Open, Closed, Semi-Closed, and "Top Two" |publisher=The Center for Voting and Democracy |accessdate=21 April 2014}} Even in the instance of closed primary elections, in which voters are required to receive a ballot matching their political party, crossover voting may still take place, but requires the additional step of voters to change their political affiliation ahead of the primary election.
Rationale
The motives for crossover voting take on many forms. Crossover votes are often strategic, though not necessarily so.{{cite web |url=http://polmeth.wustl.edu/media/Paper/alvar99b.pdf |title=Analysis of Crossover and Strategic Voting |author=R. Michael Alvarez |author2=Jonathan Nagler |publisher=Society for Political Methodology (American Political Science Association; Washington University in St. Louis) |date=1999 |accessdate=21 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625234325/http://polmeth.wustl.edu/media/Paper/alvar99b.pdf |archivedate=25 June 2010 }} It has been proposed that "mischievous" crossover voting is limited.{{cite journal |url=http://apr.sagepub.com/content/19/2/229.abstract |title=Why Crossover Voters Are Not "Mischievous Voters": The Segmented Partisanship Hypothesis |author=Gary D. Wekkin |journal=American Politics Research |volume=19 |number=2 |pages=229–247 |date=April 1991 |doi=10.1177/1532673X9101900205 |s2cid=143462212 |accessdate=21 April 2014|url-access=subscription }}
= Strategic =
== Insurance ==
Insurance-purposed crossovers occur when voters see the results of their own party's primary as a foregone conclusion; for example, a candidate belonging to their party is greatly favored or running unopposed, so their best strategy is to cast a ballot for an opposing party. Two types of insurance-purposed crossover voters exist:
- "Second Best" voters cross over to vote for an opposing candidate they would prefer over other options in the opposing party, should their own party's candidate lose in the general election. They may be attempting to prevent a candidate they dislike in the opposing party from reaching the general election.
- "Positive Strategic" voters are unhappy with their own party's leading candidate, and do not see their preferred alternative as viable. Thus, they cross over to vote for a candidate who they think will stand a chance in the general election.
== Party raiding ==
{{Main|Strategic voting#Raiding}}
Party raiding is a tactic where members of one party attempt to sabotage another party's primary by voting for an opposing candidate they do not see as standing a chance against their party's candidate, or voting so as to prolong divided support between two or more contenders for that party's nomination (especially for president).{{cite book |title=The Law of Democracy |last=Issacharoff |first=Samuel |year=2007 |publisher=Thompson West |isbn=978-1-58778-460-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa/page/276 276] |url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa/page/276 }}
A notable example of attempted party raiding was Operation Chaos in the Democratic primary in 2008, when Rush Limbaugh encouraged Republicans to vote for Hillary Clinton in an effort to weaken Barack Obama politically. The effort was ultimately unsuccessful.{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2008/04/rush-limbaugh.html | work=The Los Angeles Times | title=Top of the Ticket | date=April 29, 2008}} Another occurred in the 2012 Republican primaries, where many Democratic voters in Michigan voted for weaker GOP candidate Rick Santorum over front-runner Mitt Romney in order to disrupt his campaign. This attempt was also unsuccessful.Negrin, Matt. "[https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/democrats-decide-winner-michigan/story?id=15809682 Could Democrats Decide the Winner in Michigan?]" ABC News, 28 Feb. 2012. Retrieved 9 Dec. 2017.
= Genuine =
In some instances, crossover voting may occur when voters feel that the candidate from the opposing party is better. These crossover voters are referred to as "True Supporters", and are not casting their votes for purposes of insurance or sabotage.
In some instances, crossover voting may also occur because no candidate registered with a voter's relevant party filed; therefore if they prefer not to abstain from voting, they must back a candidate from a party other than their own. This form of crossover voting has been referred to as "No Option".{{cite web|url=http://cho.pol.illinois.edu/wendy/papers/history.pdf |title=Crossover Voting Before the Blanket: Primaries Versus Parties in California History |author=Brian J. Gaines |author2=Wendy K. Tam Cho |volume=Explorations at the Political Fault Line: California's Blanket Primary Experiment |author3=Bruce E. Cain |author4=Elisabeth Gerber |publisher=University of California Press |accessdate=21 April 2014}}