Cryptocarya triplinervis
{{Short description|Species of tree in the family Lauraceae}}
{{italic title}}
{{speciesbox
|name = Three-veined laurel
|image = Cryptocarya triplinervis Blackbutt Lagoon Road Lord Howe Island 11June2011.jpg
|image_caption = Fruit and leaves, Lord Howe Island
|status=LC
|status_system=IUCN3.1
|genus = Cryptocarya
|species = triplinervis
|authority = R.Br.{{cite web |title=Cryptocarya triplinervis |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/88580|publisher=Australian Plant Census |access-date=21 October 2024}}
|synonyms =
- Caryodaphne browniana Nees nom. illeg., nom. superfl.
- Caryodaphne browniana var. ferruginea Meisn.
- Cryptocarya triplinervia Spreng. orth. var.
- Cryptocarya triplinervis var. euryphylla Domin
- Tetranthera sp.
}}
Cryptocarya triplinervis, commonly known as blackbutt, three-veined cryptocarya, brown laurel or three-veined laurel, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lauraceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a tree with egg-shaped to elliptic or lance-shaped leaves, cream-coloured to pale green flowers, and elliptic black drupes.
Description
Cryptocarya triplinervis is a small to medium-sized tree that typically grows to a height of up to {{cvt|20|m}}, with a dbh of up to {{cvt|60|cm}}, its trunk sometimes buttressed. The bark is grey brown, mostly smooth with lines of vertical bumps running up the trunk. Its leaves are arranged alternately, egg-shaped to elliptic or lance-shaped, {{cvt|45–135|mm}} long, {{cvt|15–5|mm}} wide on a petiole {{cvt|3–13|mm}} long with a prominent tip. The leaves are dark glossy green above, paler and hairy below, three veined with an easily seen mid vein, which is depressed on the upper side and raised on the lower side of the leaf.
The flowers are arranged in panicles as long as, or longer than the leaves. The flowers are cream-coloured to pale green and tube-shaped, the tube {{cvt|1.2–2.87|mm}} long and {{cvt|0.9–1.2|mm}} wide. The tepals are {{cvt|1.4–2.2|mm}} long and {{cvt|0.7–1.8|mm}} wide, the outer anthers are {{cvt|0.5–0.8|mm}} long and {{cvt|0.4–0.7|mm}} wide, the inner anthers {{cvt|0.5–0.8|mm}} long and {{cvt|0.3–0.5|mm}} wide. Flowering occurs from September to December and the fruit is a black drupe, {{cvt|8–14|mm}} long and {{cvt|6.5–12|mm}} wide and that ripens from February to May.
Taxonomy
Cryptocarya triplinervis was first formally described in 1810 by botanist Robert Brown in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen.{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Robert |title=Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen |date=1810 |publisher=R. Taylor et socii |location=London |page=402 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21871#page/270/mode/1up |access-date=21 October 2024}} The specific epithet (triplinervis) refers to the three prominent veins on the leaves.
In 1989, Bernard Hyland described two varieties of C. triplinervis in Australian Systematic Botany, and the names, and that of the autonym are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
- Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens B.Hyland has leaves {{cvt|45–129|mm}} long and {{cvt|16–45|mm}} wide, that flowers in October and November, and has elliptic drupes about {{cvt|10|mm}} long and {{cvt|7.5|mm}} wide.
- Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia B.Hyland has leaves {{cvt|45–135|mm}} long and {{cvt|15–50|mm}} wide, that flowers from August to October, and has elliptic drupes {{cvt|8–13|mm}} long and {{cvt|6.5–10|mm}} wide.
- Cryptocarya triplinervis R.Br. var. triplinervis (the autonym) has leaves {{cvt|45–135|mm}} long and {{cvt|15–50|mm}} wide, that flowers from September to November, and has more or less spherical drupes.
Distribution and habitat
The variety pubens occurs in warmer and drier rainforest, sometimes along creeks and rivers, from the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland to Coffs Harbour in northern New South Wales, at altitudes from sea level to {{cvt|750|m}}. Var. riparia is endemic to Queensland, where it is found between the Iron Range and Cardwell, occurring in gallery forests along creeks and rivers, from sea level to {{cvt|400|m}}. and var. triplinervis is found between Townsville in central Queensland and Smoky Cape in northern New South Wales, and on Lord Howe Island, growing in rainforest, southern beech forest, and littoral rainforest, from sea level to an altitude of {{cvt|100|m}}.
Ecology
Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia is food plant for the larval stages of Graphium sarpedon, the blue triangle butterfly.
Use in horticulture
Like most Australian species of Cryptocarya, removal of the aril is advised to assist seed germination. Around 80% of the seeds will germinate, taking between three and six months. Plants generally take around 5 years to fruit in Brisbane.
Gallery
Image:Cryptocarya triplinervis fruit.jpg|Fruit
Image:Cryptocarya triplinervis foliage.jpg|Foliage
Image:Cryptocarya triplinervis.jpg
Image:Cryptocarya triplinervis leaves.jpg|Leaf detail
References
{{Reflist| refs=
{{cite web |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |access-date=6 June 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Cryptocarya_triplinervis_var._pubens.htm |title=Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government}}
{{cite web |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |access-date=6 June 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Cryptocarya_triplinervis_var._riparia.htm |title=Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government}}
}}
External links
{{Commons cat}}
{{cite web |title=Cryptocarya triplinervis R.Br. |work=Atlas of Living Australia |url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2894813}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q5190851|from2=Q66109907|from3=Q66109910|from4=Q100450957}}
Category:Flora of New South Wales
Category:Flora of Lord Howe Island
Category:Laurales of Australia