Crystal ball

{{Short description|Crystal or glass ball and common fortune telling object}}

{{about|the fortune telling object|the American commentator|Krystal Ball|other uses}}

Image:John William Waterhouse - The Crystal Ball.JPG by John William Waterhouse (1902)]]

A crystal ball is a crystal or glass ball commonly used in fortune-telling. It is generally associated with the performance of clairvoyance and scrying. Used since Antiquity, crystal balls have had a broad reputation with witchcraft, including modern times with charlatan acts and amusements at circus venues, festivals, etc. Other names for the thing include crystal sphere, orbuculum, scrying ball, shew/show(ing) stone, and more variants by dialect.

History

By the fifth century AD, scrying using crystal balls was widespread within the Roman Empire and was condemned by the early Christian Church as heretical (magic had been condemned since the Apostolic Era with e.g. Chapter 2 of the Didache).{{cite encyclopedia |title=Crystal gazing |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/crystal-gazing |access-date=6 November 2015}}{{cite web | last = Roberts| first = Alexander| author-link = Alexander Roberts (scholar)| title = The Didache| website = Early Christian Writings| publisher = Peter Kirby| date = 1886| url = https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/didache-roberts.html| access-date = 2024-08-07}}

The tomb of Childeric I, a fifth-century king of the Franks, contained a 3.8 cm (1½ inch) diameter transparent beryl globe.Besterman, 1995, pg. 45 The object is similar to other globes that were later found in tombs from the Merovingian period in Gaul and the Saxon period in England. Some of these were complete with a frame suggesting an ornamental object.Besterman, 1995, pg. 46 It has been pointed out that these mounts are identical to those of later globes also believed to be used for magic or divination, indicating that these crystal globes may have been used for {{Wikt-lang|en|crystallomancy}}.{{Cite book|language=en|author=George Frederick Kunz|title=The Curious Lore of Precious Stones |page=182 |url=https://archive.org/details/curiousloreprec00kunzgoog |location=Philadelphia|publisher=Lippincott|year=1913|isbn=978-0-486-22227-1 }}

John Dee was a noted British mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and consultant to Queen Elizabeth I. He devoted much of his life to alchemy, divination, and Hermetic philosophy, of which the use of crystal balls was often included.{{cite web |title=John Dee's crystal ball |department=TT Research Projects |url=http://ensemble.va.com.au/tableau/suzy/TT_ResearchProjects/Hexen2039/JohnDee/JD_CBall.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315132818/http://ensemble.va.com.au/tableau/suzy/TT_ResearchProjects/Hexen2039/JohnDee/JD_CBall.html|archive-date=2023-03-15|access-date=2023-06-06 |via=ensemble.va.com.au}}

Crystal gazing was a popular pastime in the Victorian era, and was claimed to work best when the Sun is at its northernmost declination. Immediately before the appearance of a vision, the ball was said to mist up from within.

The use of crystal balls for divination also has a long history with the Romani people.{{cite web |title=Where did crystal balls come from? |date=May 21, 2019 |website=History Daily (historydaily.org) |url=https://historydaily.org/crystal-balls-history-origin}} Fortune tellers, known as drabardi,{{cite web |title=Fortune telling as part of the Roma Culture |series=Правозахисний фонд "Розвиток" [Human Rights Fund "Development"] |website=rozvitok.org |url=https://rozvitok.org/en/fortune-telling-as-part-of-the-roma-culture/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |language=en-US}} traditionally use crystal balls as well as cards to seek knowledge about future events.{{cite web |title=ЦЫГАНЕ И ЦЫГАНСКИЕ ГАДАНИЯ |language=ru |trans-title=Gypsies and gypsy fortune-telling |website=sekukin.narod.ru |url=http://sekukin.narod.ru/templ14.html |access-date=2023-05-07}}

Art of scrying

File:A crystal ball at work.jpg crystal ball of the type commonly used for divination or scrying]]

The process of scrying often involves the use of crystals, especially crystal balls, in an attempt to predict the future or otherwise divine hidden information.{{cite encyclopedia |title=scry |type=definition |dictionary=dictionary.com |lang=en |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/scry |access-date=2023-05-07}} Crystal ball scrying is commonly used to seek supernatural guidance while making difficult decisions in one's life (e.g., matters of love or finances).{{cite book |author=Chauran, Alexandra |year=2011 |title=Crystal Ball Reading for Beginners: A down to Earth guide |place=Woodbury, MN |publisher=Llewellyn Publications}}{{cite web |title=Lensball photography |website=lensball.com.au |url=https://lensball.com.au |access-date=4 March 2019}}

When the technique of scrying is used with crystals, or any transparent body, it is known as crystallomancy or crystal gazing.

In stage magic

Crystal balls are popular props used in mentalism acts by stage magicians. Such routines, in which the performer answers audience questions by means of various ruses, are known as crystal gazing acts. One of the most famous performers of the 20th century, Claude Alexander, was often billed as "Alexander the Crystal Seer".{{cite book|last1=Copperfield|first1=David|author1-link=David Copperfield (illusionist)|last2=Wiseman|first2=Richard|author2-link=Richard Wiseman|last3=Britland|first3=David|others=Liwag, Homer (photographer)|year=2021|title=David Copperfield's History of Magic|edition=1st|place=New York, NY|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-9821-1291-2|oclc=1236259508|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1236259508}}

Optics

Optically, a crystal ball is a ball lens. For typical materials such as quartz and glass, it forms an image of distant objects slightly beyond the surface of the sphere, on the opposite side. Unlike conventional lenses, the image-forming properties are omnidirectional (independent of the direction being imaged)

Image:Hanstholm Fyr - The crystal ball (10).jpg lighthouse in Denmark through lens ball]]

This omnidirectional focusing can cause a crystal ball to act as a burning glass when it is brought into full sunlight. The image of the sun formed by a large crystal ball will burn a hand that is holding it, and can ignite dark-coloured flammable material placed near it.{{cite news |title=Crystal ball starts fire at Okla. home |agency=Associated Press |date=29 January 2004 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61176-2004Jan29.html |access-date=22 December 2012}}

Famous crystal balls

Image:Quartz crystal.jpg, Washington D.C.]]

A crystal ball was among the grave-goods of the Merovingian King, Childeric I ({{circa|437–481 AD}}).{{cite book |last=Chifflet |first=J.-J. |author-link=Jean-Jacques Chifflet |year=1665 |title=Anastasis Childerici I. Francorum Regis, site Thesaurus sepulchralis Tornaci Neruiorum effossus, & commentario illustratus |language=la |trans-title=Raising up of Childeric I, King of the Franks, {{grey|[his grave-]}}site excavated sepulchral treasure of Tournai {{grey|[in Belgium]}}, & illustrated commentary |url=https://archive.org/details/anastasischilder00chif/page/242/mode/2up}} The grave-goods were discovered in 1653. In 1831, they were stolen from the royal library in France where they were being kept. Few items were ever recovered. The crystal ball was not among them.

The Sceptre of Scotland has a crystal ball in its finial, honoring the tradition of their use by pagan druids.{{cite book |author=Ferguson, Sibyl |date=30 June 2005 |title=Crystal Ball: Stones, amulets, and talismans for power, protection, and prophecy |publisher=Weiser Books |isbn=978-1-57863-348-7 |pages=29–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V0x3_K98_wC&pg=PA29 |via=Google Books}} It was made in Italy in the 15th century, and was a gift to James IV from Pope Alexander VI.

The Penn Museum in Philadelphia displays the third-largest crystal ball as the central object in its Chinese Rotunda.{{cite web |title=Crystal sphere |id=335728 |series=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |place=Philadelphia, PA |url=http://www.penn.museum/collections/object/335728 |access-date=21 September 2014}} Weighing {{convert|49|lb|kg}}, the sphere is made of quartz crystal from Burma and was shaped through years of constant rotation in a semi-cylindrical container filled with emery, garnet powder, and water. The ornamental treasure was purportedly made for the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835–1908) during the Qing dynasty in the 19th century, but no evidence as to its actual origins exists. The crystal ball and an ancient Egyptian statuette{{cite web |title=Statue |id=276512 |series=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |place=Philadelphia, PA |url=http://www.penn.museum/collections/object/276512 |access-date=21 September 2014}} which depicted the god Osiris were stolen in 1988.{{cite news |title=Penn Museum crystal ball, statue stolen; guard ignored burglar alarms |date=1988-11-12 |df=dmy-all |website=Philly.com |url=http://articles.philly.com/1988-11-12/news/26248970_1_crystal-ball-alarms-security-guard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329012537/http://articles.philly.com/1988-11-12/news/26248970_1_crystal-ball-alarms-security-guard |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 29, 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014}} They were recovered three years later with no damage done to either object.