Cuối language

{{Short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in Southeast Asia}}

{{redirect|Tho (Vietnam)|other languages in Vietnam named Thổ|Tho language (disambiguation){{!}}Tho language}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Cuói

|altname=

|nativename=Thổ

|states=Vietnam, Laos

|ethnicity=Thổ

|speakers={{sigfig|70,600|2}}

|date=1999 census

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic

|fam2=Vietic

|dia1=Cuối Chăm

|dia2=Làng Lỡ

|lc1=tou|ld1=Tho

|lc2=hnu|ld2=Hung

|glotto=cuoi1242

|glottorefname=Cuoi

|lingua=46-EAD-a

}}

Cuối, also known as Thổ,{{cite web|title=The Vietic Branch|url=http://sealang.net/mk/vietic.htm|website=sealang.net}} is a dialect cluster spoken by around 70,000 people in Vietnam. It is also spoken by a couple thousand people in Laos—mainly in the provinces of Bolikhamsai and Khammouane.

Phonology

=Làng Lỡ dialect=

==Consonants==

The consonant inventory of the Làng Lỡ dialect, as cited by Michel Ferlus:{{harvnb|Ferlus|2015|loc = I.2}}

:

class=wikitable style=text-align:center \|+ Initial consonants of Cuối Làng Lỡ
colspan=2\| ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal
colspan=2\| Nasal \| {{IPAlink\|m}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|n}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|ɲ}} \| {{IPAlink\|ŋ}} \|
rowspan=3\| Plosive ! tenuis \| {{IPAlink\|p}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|t}} \| {{IPAlink\|ʈ}} \| {{IPAlink\|c}} \| {{IPAlink\|k}} \| {{IPAlink\|ʔ}}
glottalized \| {{IPAlink\|ɓ}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|ɗ}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|ˀɟ}} \| \|
aspirated \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|tʰ}} \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|kʰ}} \|
rowspan=3\| Fricative ! voiceless \| {{IPAlink\|f}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|s}} \| {{IPAlink\|ʂ}} \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|h}}
voiced \| {{IPAlink\|β}} \| {{IPAlink\|v}} \| {{IPAlink\|ð}} \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|ɣ}} \|
glottalized \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|ˀð}} \| \| \| \|
colspan=2\| Approximant \| \| \| {{IPAlink\|l}} \| {{IPAlink\|ɽ}} ~ {{IPAlink\|ʐ}} \| {{IPAlink\|j}} \| \|

class=wikitable style=text-align:center

|+ Initial consonants of Cuối Làng Lỡ

colspan=2|

! Palatal

! Velar

! Glottal

colspan=2| Nasal

| {{IPAlink|m}}

|

| {{IPAlink|n}}

|

| {{IPAlink|ɲ}}

| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}

|

rowspan=3| Plosive

! tenuis

| {{IPAlink|p}}

|

| {{IPAlink|t}}

| {{IPAlink|ʈ}}

| {{IPAlink|c}}

| {{IPAlink|k}}

| {{IPAlink|ʔ}}

glottalized

| {{IPAlink|ɓ}}

|

| {{IPAlink|ɗ}}

|

| {{IPAlink|ˀɟ}}

|

aspirated

|

| {{IPAlink|tʰ}}

|

| {{IPAlink|kʰ}}

|

rowspan=3| Fricative

! voiceless

| {{IPAlink|f}}

|

| {{IPAlink|s}}

| {{IPAlink|ʂ}}

|

| {{IPAlink|h}}

voiced

| {{IPAlink|β}}

| {{IPAlink|v}}

| {{IPAlink|ð}}

|

| {{IPAlink|ɣ}}

|

glottalized

|

| {{IPAlink|ˀð}}

|

colspan=2| Approximant

|

| {{IPAlink|l}}

| {{IPAlink|ɽ}} ~ {{IPAlink|ʐ}}

| {{IPAlink|j}}

|

{{IPAblink|ʈ}} is found in Vietnamese loanwords with initial {{IPA|/ʈ/}} (orthographic {{grapheme|tr}})
{{IPA|[β ð ɣ ˀð]}} originate in the borrowing of segments from a variety of Vietnamese that existed several centuries ago.

==Vowels==

:

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ Monothongs of Cuối Làng Lỡ
! Front ! Central ! Back
Close \| {{IPAlink\|i}} \| {{IPAlink\|ɨ}} \| {{IPAlink\|u}}
Close-mid/ Mid \| {{IPAlink\|e}} \| {{IPAlink\|ə}} \| {{IPAlink\|o}}
Open-mid/ Open \| {{IPAlink\|ɛ}} \| {{IPAlink\|ʌ̆}} {{IPA\|ă}} {{IPAlink\|a}} \| {{IPAlink\|ɔ}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Monothongs of Cuối Làng Lỡ

! Front

! Central

! Back

Close

| {{IPAlink|i}}

| {{IPAlink|ɨ}}

| {{IPAlink|u}}

Close-mid/
Mid

| {{IPAlink|e}}

| {{IPAlink|ə}}

| {{IPAlink|o}}

Open-mid/
Open

| {{IPAlink|ɛ}}

| {{IPAlink|ʌ̆}}
{{IPA|ă}} {{IPAlink|a}}

| {{IPAlink|ɔ}}

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|+

! Diphthongs of Cuối Làng Lỡ

| {{IPA|iə}}

==Tones==

There are eight tones in the Làng Lỡ. Tones 1 to 6 are found on sonorant-final syllables (a.k.a. 'live' syllables): syllables ending in a vowel, semi-vowel or nasal. Tones 7 and 8 are found on obstruent-final syllables (a.k.a. 'stopped' syllables), ending in -p -t -c -k. This is a system comparable to that of Vietnamese.

Vocabulary

The data is from Cuoi Cham vocabulary recordings and the Mon-Khmer Etymological Dictionary.

class="wikitable"
English ! Cuối Chăm ! Làng Lỡ ! colspan="2" \| Hanoian Vietnamese
cloud \| {{IPA\|mʌl¹}} \| {{IPA\|mʌn¹}} \| {{IPA\|məj˧˧}} \|{{lang\|vi\|mây}}
rain \| {{IPA\|mɐː²}} \| {{IPA\|mɨə¹}} \| {{IPA\|mɨə˧˧}} \|{{lang\|vi\|mưa}}
wind \| {{IPA\|sɒː³}} \| {{IPA\|juə³}} \| {{IPA\|zɔ˧˦}} \|{{lang\|vi\|gió}}
thunder \| {{IPA\|kʰrʌm⁴}} \| {{IPA\|ʂəm⁴}} \| {{IPA\|səm˧˦}} \| {{lang\|vi\|sấm}}
earth, land \| {{IPA\|tʌt⁷}} \| {{IPA\|tʌt⁷}} \| {{IPA\|ʔɗət̚˧˦}} \| {{lang\|vi\|đất}}
cave \| {{IPA\|haːŋ¹}} \| {{IPA\|haːŋ¹}} \| {{IPA\|haːŋ˧˧}} \| {{lang\|vi\|hang}}
deep \| {{IPA\|kʰruː²}} \| {{IPA\|ʂuː²}} \| {{IPA\|səw˧˧}} \| {{lang\|vi\|sâu}}
water \| {{IPA\|daːk⁷}} \| {{IPA\|daːk⁷}} \| {{IPA\|nɨək̚˧˦}} \| {{lang\|vi\|nước}}
river \| {{IPA\|kʰrɔŋ¹}} \| {{IPA\|ʂɔːŋ¹}} \| {{IPA\|səwŋ͡m˧˧}} \| {{lang\|vi\|sông}}
puddle \| {{IPA\|puŋ⁶}} \| - \| {{IPA\|vʊwŋ͡m˦ˀ˥}} \| {{lang\|vi\|vũng}}
mud \| {{IPA\|puːl²}} \| {{IPA\|vuːn²}} \| {{IPA\|ʔɓun˨˩}} \| {{lang\|vi\|bùn}}
rock, stone \| {{IPA\|taː³}} \| {{IPA\|δaː³}} \| {{IPA\|ʔɗaː˧˦}} \| {{lang\|vi\|đá}}
bark \| {{IPA\|pɒː⁵}} \| {{IPA\|ʂɔː⁵⁶}} \| {{IPA\|vɔ˧˩}} \| {{lang\|vi\|vỏ}}
dog \| {{IPA\|cɒː³}} \| {{IPA\|cɔː³}} \| {{IPA\|t͡ɕɔ˧˦}} \| {{lang\|vi\|chó}}
cultivated field \| {{IPA\|rɔːŋ²}} \| {{IPA\|ʂɔːŋ²}} \| {{IPA\|zuəŋ˧˨ʔ}} \| {{lang\|vi\|ruộng}}
to go \| {{IPA\|tiː²}} \| {{IPA\|tiː²}} \| {{IPA\|ʔɗi˧˧}} \| {{lang\|vi\|đi}}
to have \| {{IPA\|kɒː³}} \| {{IPA\|kɔː³}} \| {{IPA\|kɔ˧˦}} \| {{lang\|vi\|có}}

class="wikitable"

English

! Cuối Chăm

! Làng Lỡ

! colspan="2" | Hanoian Vietnamese

cloud

| {{IPA|mʌl¹}}

| {{IPA|mʌn¹}}

| {{IPA|məj˧˧}}

|{{lang|vi|mây}}

rain

| {{IPA|mɐː²}}

| {{IPA|mɨə¹}}

| {{IPA|mɨə˧˧}}

|{{lang|vi|mưa}}

wind

| {{IPA|sɒː³}}

| {{IPA|juə³}}

| {{IPA|zɔ˧˦}}

|{{lang|vi|gió}}

thunder

| {{IPA|kʰrʌm⁴}}

| {{IPA|ʂəm⁴}}

| {{IPA|səm˧˦}}

| {{lang|vi|sấm}}

earth, land

| {{IPA|tʌt⁷}}

| {{IPA|ʔɗət̚˧˦}}

| {{lang|vi|đất}}

cave

| {{IPA|haːŋ¹}}

| {{IPA|haːŋ˧˧}}

| {{lang|vi|hang}}

deep

| {{IPA|kʰruː²}}

| {{IPA|ʂuː²}}

| {{IPA|səw˧˧}}

| {{lang|vi|sâu}}

water

| {{IPA|daːk⁷}}

| {{IPA|nɨək̚˧˦}}

| {{lang|vi|nước}}

river

| {{IPA|kʰrɔŋ¹}}

| {{IPA|ʂɔːŋ¹}}

| {{IPA|səwŋ͡m˧˧}}

| {{lang|vi|sông}}

puddle

| {{IPA|puŋ⁶}}

| -

| {{IPA|vʊwŋ͡m˦ˀ˥}}

| {{lang|vi|vũng}}

mud

| {{IPA|puːl²}}

| {{IPA|vuːn²}}

| {{IPA|ʔɓun˨˩}}

| {{lang|vi|bùn}}

rock, stone

| {{IPA|taː³}}

| {{IPA|δaː³}}

| {{IPA|ʔɗaː˧˦}}

| {{lang|vi|đá}}

bark

| {{IPA|pɒː⁵}}

| {{IPA|ʂɔː⁵⁶}}

| {{IPA|vɔ˧˩}}

| {{lang|vi|vỏ}}

dog

| {{IPA|cɒː³}}

| {{IPA|cɔː³}}

| {{IPA|t͡ɕɔ˧˦}}

| {{lang|vi|chó}}

cultivated field

| {{IPA|rɔːŋ²}}

| {{IPA|ʂɔːŋ²}}

| {{IPA|zuəŋ˧˨ʔ}}

| {{lang|vi|ruộng}}

to go

| {{IPA|tiː²}}

| {{IPA|ʔɗi˧˧}}

| {{lang|vi|đi}}

to have

| {{IPA|kɒː³}}

| {{IPA|kɔː³}}

| {{IPA|kɔ˧˦}}

| {{lang|vi|có}}