Cuiba language
{{Short description|Guahiban language of Colombia and Venezuela}}
{{For|the extinct language of Venezuela|Jirajaran languages}}
{{No footnotes|date=June 2021}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox language
|name= Cuiba
|nativename=
|region=Meta Casanare and Capanapara rivers (Colombia)
Apure Division (Venezuela)
|speakers={{sigfig|2850|2}}
|date = 2007–2008
|ref=e18
|familycolor=American
|fam1=Guahiban
|iso3=cui
|glotto=cuib1242
|glottorefname=Cuiba
|map=Cuiba.png
}}
Cuiba or Cuiva is a Guahiban language that is spoken by about 2,300 people in Colombia and additional 650 in Venezuela. More than half of Cuiba speakers are monolingual, and in Colombia there is a 45% literacy rate.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} Cuiva is also referred to as Cuiba, Cuiba-Wámonae, Kuiva, Chiricoa, Hiwi, and Maiben. In Colombia, Cuiva is spoken among those who live and who are born surrounding the Colombian rivers, Meta Casanare and Capanaparo. The Cuiba ethnic group is often found in the Casanare Department. In Venezuela the language is spoken in the state of Apure, one of the states that border with Colombia, and which is found alongside the Capanaparo river.
History of Cuiba
The term Cuiba is usually used to describe the ethnic group itself, although they do not refer to themselves as Cuiba.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} Most of those who speak the Cuiba language are monolingual, which is why the language is threatened seeing as the ethnic population itself is only approximately 2,950 and continues to decrease. The Cuiba ethnic group are characterized as being hunter-gatherers, who live a nomadic lifestyle in small bands along the borders of Colombia and Venezuela. Before 1967, the Cuiba were spread across the Meta River tributaries: Casanare, Agua Clara, Ariporo, Unchadia, Arauca, and Capanaparo. For the most part although the groups of Cuiba today are much smaller, they continue to occupy what is left of the areas around the rivers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}
The banks of the Casanare, Agua Clara, Ariporo, Unchadia, Arauca, and Capanaparo are for the most part known as Cuiba territory and there has been no evidence stating that the Cuiba have occupied other territory but their own. The Cuiba have gone through many wars and invasions, which have slightly influenced Cuiba political and cultural practices at some point.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} Although the Europeans have left, some Spanish words survived. There is no evidence showing where the Spanish words were originated.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} There have been many attempts after 1533 invasion attempting to remove the Cuiba from their territory, but although the Cuiba have a small population their culture has largely remained unchanged.
Dialect/varieties
There are 8 dialects in Colombia and Venezuela known as:
- Chiricoa
- Masiware (Masiguare)
- Chiripo (Siripu, Wapiwi)
- Yara huuraxi-Capanapara
- Mayayero
- Monchuelo-Casanare-Cuiba
- Tampiwi (Mariposas)
- Amarawa (Amorua){{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}
Phonology
| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|url=http://phoible.org/inventories/view/1910 |access-date=2024-09-23}} !colspan=2| !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal |
| rowspan=3|Plosive
! Tenuis | {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t}} || || {{IPAlink|k}} |
|---|
| Aspirated
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} || {{IPAlink|tʰ}} || || {{IPAlink|kʰ}} || |
| Voiced
| {{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|d}} || || || |
| colspan=2|Affricate
| || {{IPAlink|ts}} || {{IPAlink|tʃ}} || || |
| colspan=2|Fricative
| || {{IPAlink|s}} || || || {{IPAlink|h}} |
| colspan=2|Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n}} || {{IPAlink|ɲ}} || || |
| colspan=2|Approximant
| || || {{IPAlink|j}} || {{IPAlink|w}} || |
| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
| Close
| {{IPAlink|i}} || {{IPAlink|ɨ}} || {{IPAlink|u}} |
|---|
| Close-mid
| {{IPAlink|e}} || || {{IPAlink|o}} |
| Open-mid
| || || {{IPAlink|ʌ}} |
| Near-open
| {{IPAlink|æ}} || || |
| Open
| {{IPAlink|a}} || || |
Examples
- {{lang|cui|jihuij}}. People j.: There are people.
- {{lang|cui|dihuesij quequere}}: A story j the buzzard: This is a story about the buzzard.
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book |last=Berg |first=Maria L. |year=1973 |edition=1st |title=Aspecto de la Cultura Material de Grupos Etnicos de Colombia |volume=1 |pages=215–226 |chapter=Cuiba |chapter-url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/18783}}
- {{cite book |last1=Berg |first1=M. L. |last2=Kerr |first2=I. J. |year=1973 |title=The Cuiva Language: Grammar |access-date=May 2, 2016 |url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_cui_vertxt-1 |chapter=Texts |pages=53–60 |location=Santa Ana, CA |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics}}
- {{cite web |last=Menz |first=Alex |title=Cuiba |access-date=May 1, 2016 |url=http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/south-america-other/Cuiba.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421094339/http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/south-america-other/Cuiba.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-21 |website=Database for Indigenous Cultural Evolution (DICE) |publisher=University of Missouri}}
- {{cite web |website=Promotora Española de Lingüística |access-date=May 1, 2016 |url=http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/amerindia/ecuatorial/macroarawak/wahivoan/kuiva |title=Kuiva |lang=es}}
Further reading
- {{cite book |title=Wajume WAMONAE PIJUMEKOPI DIWESI: DICCIONARIO en CUIBA-WAMONAE y ESPAÑOL |lang=es, Cuiba |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/73585 |publisher=SIL International |last=Kerr |first=Isabel J. |last2=Berg |first2=Marie L. |year=2018 |edition=1st |access-date=2024-09-23}}
- {{cite book |last=Sumabila |first=Arelis |year=2017 |chapter=Los Cuiba (Cuiva) |editor-first=Miguel Ángel |editor-last=Perera |editor-first2=Pedro |editor-last2=Rivas |title=Los aborígenes de Venezuela |volume=V |pages=887-968 |location=Caracas |publisher=La Salle |isbn=9789807090193}}
{{Languages of Colombia}}
{{Languages of Venezuela}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Languages of Colombia