Cummeragunja Reserve

{{Short description|Former Australian Aboriginal reserve in New South Wales, Australia}}

File:Cummeragunja Aboriginal Mission Station 1893.jpg

Cummeragunja Reserve or Cummeragunja Station, alternatively spelt Coomeroogunja, Coomeragunja, Cumeroogunga and Cummerguja, was a settlement on the New South Wales side of the Murray River, on the Victorian border near Barmah. It was also referred to as Cumeroogunga Mission, although it was not run by missionaries. The people were mostly Yorta Yorta.

It was established between 1882 and 1888 when dissatisfied residents of Maloga Mission moved {{convert|5|miles|}} upriver to escape the authoritarian discipline there under its founder, Daniel Matthews. The mission buildings were re-built on the new site, and the teacher, Thomas Shadrach James, moved too, but Matthews stayed on at Maloga. The new station became a thriving community by the turn of the century, but over time its status changed as the New South Wales Government assumed varying degrees of control. Records list it as a group of four Aboriginal reserves spanning the years 1883 to 1964, but its status changed over this period, with differing levels of control by the government. It is known for being the site of a protest known as the Cummeragunja walk-off in 1939, with residents leaving the reserve to cross the river in protest at poor conditions and treatment.

In March 1984 the newly created Yorta Yorta Land Council took possession of the land. Many Aboriginal families still live on Cummeragunja.

Name

The name of the settlement referred to today as Cummeragunja has been recorded as Cumeroogunya{{cite book|last1=Thinee|first1=Kristee|title=Connecting Kin|year=1998|publisher=New South Wales Department of Community Services|isbn=0-7310-4262-X|url=https://inside386980326.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/connectkin_guide.pdf|last2=Bradford|first2=Tracy|page=351|quote=Cumeroogunya (also Cumeragunja)|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220052853/https://inside386980326.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/connectkin_guide.pdf|url-status=dead}} and other variations such as Coomeragunja, Cumeroogunga and Cummerguja.

History

Records show the Cumeroogunya Aboriginal reserve in the Parish of Bama, County of Cadell on a total of {{convert|2,600| acres}}, consisting of four reserves: the main one existed from 9 April 1883 to 24 December 1964, while three smaller ones have starting dates in 1893, 1899 and 1900.

=Establishment=

Most of the people who lived on the Cummeragunja Reserve were Yorta Yorta people.{{Cite journal|last1=Lynch|first1=Amanda H.| last2=Griggs| first2=David| last3=Joachim| first3=Lee| last4=Walker| first4=Jackie|date=2013-06-01|title=The role of the Yorta Yorta people in clarifying the common interest in sustainable management of the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia|journal=Policy Sciences| volume=46| issue=2| pages=109–123 |doi=10.1007/s11077-012-9164-8|s2cid=154085327 | issn=1573-0891| hdl=10.1007/s11077-012-9164-8| hdl-access=free}} The original residents moved there from Maloga Mission, {{convert|4|miles|km}} away, where they had grown tired of the strict religious lifestyle and the authoritarian style of its founder, Daniel Matthews.{{cite web | title=Cummeragunja | website=Koori History | date=7 March 2016 | url=http://koorihistory.com/cummeragunja/ |access-date=20 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41095293 |title=Obituary. Mrs. Janet Matthews|newspaper=The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954) |location=Adelaide, SA |date=30 September 1939 |access-date=18 April 2013 |page=12 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}

In April 1881, 42 of the Yorta Yorta men living at the Maloga Mission wrote a petition to the Governor of New South Wales, Augustus Loftus, requesting land.{{Citation | author1=Belmessous, Saliha | title=Native Claims : Indigenous Law against Empire, 1500-1920 | date=2012 | publisher=Oxford New York Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-938611-6 }} Daniel Matthews took the petition to Sydney on their behalf and it was published in the Sydney Morning Herald on 2 July 1881 and the Daily Telegraph on 5 July 1881, the same day that it was presented to the governor.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article161920645 |title=Ecclesiastic |newspaper=The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser |volume=XXXII |issue=1097 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=16 July 1881 |access-date=20 February 2020 |page=111 |via=National Library of Australia}}

In July 1887, the Governor of New South Wales, Lord Carrington, visited Moama, where he was presented with a petition by Maloga residents requesting Queen Victoria grant the community land.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article114654063 |title=Lord Carrington At Moama. |newspaper=Riverine Herald |issue=4056 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 July 1887 |access-date=24 January 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}} The petition was signed by Robert Cooper, Samson Barber, Aaron Atkinson, Hughy Anderson, John Cooper, Edgar Atkinson, Whyman McLean, John Atkinson (his mark), William Cooper, George Middleton, Edward Joachim (his mark).{{Citation | author1=Attwood, Bain | author2=Markus, Andrew | title=Thinking black : William Cooper and Australian Aborigines' league | date=2004 | publisher=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies | isbn=978-0-85575-459-4 }} An article in the Riverine Herald tells of the petition, presented to a Mr Burns, "when here some months ago with Lord Carrington". It prints a response from the Minister of Lands acceding to the request that "part of the reserve [would] be subdivided into suitable areas for settlement of individual aborigines", dated 20 March 1888.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article114659776 |title=Homes for the Aborigines. |newspaper=Riverine Herald |issue=4179 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=26 March 1888 |access-date=19 January 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}{{Citation | author1=Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation|author-link=Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation| title=Maloga Mission : resistance continues | date=1900 | publisher=[Shepparton, Vic.] Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/197590619 | access-date=19 January 2018 }}

A property of {{convert|1800|acres|km2}} was acquired from the government of the Colony of New South Wales, and the entire village was moved from Maloga in 1888, with the name Coomerugunja given to it by a superintendent appointed by the New South Wales Aborigines Protection Association.{{cite web | title=New South Wales Aborigines Protection Association | website=The Dictionary of Sydney | url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/organisation/new_south_wales_aborigines_protection_association | access-date=21 February 2020}}{{cite web | title=New South Wales Aborigines Protection Association. - People and organisations | website=Trove | date=22 August 1932 | url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-1309336 | access-date=21 February 2020}}

Matthews' connection with the Aborigines Protection Association ceased in April 1888, when the residents moved. According to his wife Janet, he continued to be "engaged in work on behalf of the blacks"; the couple stayed on at Maloga Mission, doing their "particular work", and were looking to establish a new mission at Bribie Island after the residents had left{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8610727 |title=Maloga Mission to the Aborigines of Australia. |newspaper=The Argus (Melbourne) |location=Victoria, Australia |date=10 June 1890 |access-date=21 February 2020 |page=7 |via=Trove }} (which never came to pass{{cite web | last=Cato | first=Nancy | title=Daniel Matthews | website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=ANU | date=17 February 1902 | url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/matthews-daniel-4170 | access-date=21 February 2020}}).

Thomas Shadrach James continued as teacher at the new location, and was praised as a dedicated teacher by Matthews' son, John Kerr Matthews,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article117122325 |title=Cumeroogunga Mission: Story of Its Early Days: Tribute to Teacher |newspaper=Riverine Herald |location=New South Wales |date=15 August 1946 |access-date=21 February 2020 |page=3 |via=Trove }} and was said to have taught his Aboriginal students well, many of whom went on to be activists.

The "Cumeroogunga Mission Church, removed from Mologa" was reported to have reopened for worship on Easter Monday in 1889.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article114668246 |title=Comeroogunga Mission Station. |newspaper=Riverine Herald |issue=4319 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=25 April 1889 |access-date=19 January 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}, At Cummeragunja Station, they established a farm with the aim of communal self-sufficiency. In the early years, the residents of Cummeragunja shaped most of the land into a productive farm, producing wheat, wool and dairy products,

The NSW Aborigines Protection Association administered the station from its beginnings until 1892 (subsidised by the government), when their funds ran dry and management was handed over to the government's Board for the Protection of Aborigines.{{cite web | title=Aboriginal Resources: Administrative History | website=NSW State Archives | date=13 April 2016 | url=https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/collections-and-research/guides-and-indexes/aboriginal-resources-administrative-history | access-date=21 February 2020}}

=20th century=

In 1907 the blocks were revoked and later leased out to white farmers.

The Aborigines Protection Act 1909 gave the government greater control, and in 1915, after the local farmers' committee was abolished and amendments to the Act gave the New South Wales Board for the Protection of Aborigines even wider powers, the Board took greater control of Cummeragunja and its residents. Residents were subjected to confining and restrictive conditions, and the managers of the Reserve had the power to remove residents for misconduct, to in order to make them earn their living elsewhere. All the funds raised from the farm went to the Board, which "rewarded" workers by doling out inadequate and unhealthy rations. The 1915 Amendments had given the Board powers to remove children from their families, which they did. The girls were often placed in domestic service, or the Cootamundra Girls' Home for training as domestic servants,{{cite book |title=Creating White Australia |date=2006 |publisher=Sydney University Press |isbn=9781920899424 |url=https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/8414/1/Creating-White-Australia-Cruickshank-5.pdf |access-date=4 February 2019}} in particular the "half-caste" children.

The Board took all profits earned by the Station, and the community was neglected. Poor sanitation, inadequate housing and lack of clean water led to illness such as from tuberculosis and whooping cough, which especially affected the elderly and young,{{cite news |last1=Tonini |first1=Kathleen |title=Caring Melva | work=The Riverine Herald |date=23 January 2012}} leading to deaths. By the 1930s conditions had drastically deteriorated. Residents were confined to the station and many of their relatives were forced away. Decent rations and supplies were lacking and residents were forced to share blankets and live in rag huts. Station manager, Arthur McQuiggan, bullied and punished residents if they complained.

In May 1938, anthropologists Joseph Birdsell and Norman Tindale visited Cummeragunja. The then teacher, Thomas Austin, considered himself an expert on Aboriginal people, who had already passed on his ideas to Sydney anthropologist A.P. Elkin. Although they were not given the right to halt the study, members of the community, who were aware of their rights and aired their grievances, were listened to by Tindale and Birdsell. Years later, Tindale would use some of the issues at Cummeragunja to support his theory that while mixed-race Aboriginal people ("half-castes") could be assimilated successfully, the reserve system was not successful in this aim, citing the unrest at Cummeragunja in his report. The scientists' visit did have one positive outcome: they created an archive of photographs and accounts which are valued by descendants of Cummeragunja residents.{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/8415/1/Creating-White-Australia-Davis-6.pdf|title=Creating White Australia|last=Davis|first=Fiona|publisher=Sydney University Press|year=2009|isbn=9781920899424|location=Sydney|chapter=Calculating colour: whiteness, anthropological research and the Cummeragunja Aboriginal Reserve, May and June 1938.}} Chapter 6 in {{Cite book | editor-last1=Carey|editor-first1= Jane|editor-last2=McLisky|editor-first2=Claire| title=Creating white Australia |year= 2009| publication-date=2009 | publisher=Sydney University Press | isbn=978-1-920899-42-4 }}

==1939 Cummeragunja walk-off==

After some residents sent a telegram to former resident and activist Jack Patten and he was arrested when trying to address them, on 6 February 1939, about 170 residents walked off the mission in protest at their treatment, settling across the river, to relocate in Victoria, in camps on the riverbanks. Margaret Tucker {{post-nominals|country=UK|MBE}} and Geraldine Briggs {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO}}{{cite web | title=Aunty Geraldine Briggs AO | website=Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation | date=4 February 2020 | url=https://yynac.com.au/aunty-geraldine-briggs-ao/ | access-date=22 February 2020}} were among the most prominent protesters.{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/missionvoices/cummeragunja/mission_history/default.htm |title=Cummeragunja – Mission History |work=Mission Voices |publisher=ABC Online |access-date=19 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527022555/http://www.abc.net.au/missionvoices/cummeragunja/mission_history/default.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2009 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/missionvoices/struggle_for_justice/default.htm |title=Struggle for Justice |work=Mission Voices |publisher=ABC Online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515125317/http://www.abc.net.au/missionvoices/struggle_for_justice/default.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2009 }}

This protest became known as the Cummeragunja walk-off,{{Citation | author1=Broome, Richard | title=Aboriginal Australians : black responses to white dominance, 1788-1994 | date=1994 | publisher=Allen & Unwin | edition= 2nd | isbn=978-1-86373-760-9 }}{{Cite book|title=Thinking Black : William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines' League|last=Bain.|first=Attwood|date=2004|publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press|others=Markus, Andrew.|isbn=9780855755768|location=Canberra, ACT|oclc=713034494}} and was the first mass strike of Indigenous people in Australia, and was to inspire later movements and protests.{{cite web | last=Dobson | first=Mahalia| title=Cummeragunja Walk-Off celebrated 80 years on |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| website=ABC News | date=4 February 2019 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-04/cummeragunja-80th-anniversary/10771824 | access-date=20 February 2020}}

Many of the participants in the walk-off settled in northern Victoria, including Barmah, Echuca, Mooroopna and Shepparton.

==Land taken after WWII==

Following World War II, the Government handed parcels of land at Cummeragunja and other Aboriginal reserves over to white Australian returned servicemen under the Soldier Settlement Scheme. Indigenous returned servicemen were not eligible for the scheme, so even those from Cummeragunja who had served in the war were not rewarded in this way.

==1953: Station closure==

In 1953, Cummeragunja's status as a station was ended, and it was reduced to the status of Aboriginal reserve. Only a few residents remained, but they persisted in claiming the right to begin farming again. Cummeragunga Pty Ltd was registered in 1965.

In 1956, ahead of the visit of Queen Elizabeth II for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, the remaining families were moved to 10 especially built houses at an area known as Rumbalara.{{cite web | title=Rumbalara: Our Story| publisher= Rumbalara Aboriginal Cooperative| via=Issuu | date=26 March 2018 | url=https://issuu.com/amamood/docs/2017-11-27_rumbalara_story_book_fin | access-date=2 August 2022}}{{cite book | title=Rumbalara: Our Story | publisher=Inception Strategies and Rumbalara Aboriginal Cooperative | year=2018 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wkm0zQEACAAJ | language=tr | access-date=2 August 2022 | page=}} The Rumbalara Aboriginal Co-operative was established 1980, and runs health services for the community.{{cite web | title=Who we are at Rumbalara Aboriginal Co-operative | website=Rumbalara Aboriginal Co-operative | url=https://rumbalara.org.au/about/ | access-date=2 August 2022}} There is also a Rumbalara Football Netball Club.{{cite web | title=About | website=Rumbalara Football Netball Club | date=19 August 2019 | url=https://rfnc.com.au/about/ | access-date=2 August 2022}} and on 13 of August 2008 thousands of people gathered so the government can apologise for the stolen generation and what the stolen generation is not a good thing

=1984: Handover=

On 9 March 1984 ownership of the land was passed to the newly created Yorta Yorta Local Aboriginal Land Council.{{cite web|url=http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/resources/yorta.html|title=Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria [2002] HCA 58 (12 December 2002)|website=kooriweb|quote=In 1984, as a consequence of the operation of provisions of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW), an estate in fee simple in the former reserve land at Cummeragunja was vested in the Yorta Yorta Local Aboriginal Land Council. Subsequently, the Council acquired by purchase two further parcels in the same area. The whole of the land has since been leased to Cummeragunja Housing and Development Corporation for a term of 99 years expiring on 31 December 2084...The Yorta Yorta Local Aboriginal Land Council is a body corporate constituted under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act (NSW)."| access-date=4 August 2020}}

Current governance

Many Aboriginal families still live on Cummeragunja.{{cite web | publisher= The National Foundation for Australian Women (NFAW) in conjunction with The University of Melbourne | title=Cummeragunja Reserve | website=The Australian Women's Register | date=4 October 2004 | url=https://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE1093b.htm|access-date=20 February 2020}} {{as of|2020}}, Cummeragunja is owned and managed by the Cummeragunja Local Aboriginal Land Council,{{cite web | title=Cummeragunja | website=NSW Aboriginal Land Council | date=18 February 2020 | url=https://alc.org.au/land_council/cummeragunja/ | access-date=4 August 2020}} under the umbrella organisation of the NSW Aboriginal Land Council.{{cite web | title=Our Organisation | website=NSW Aboriginal Land Council | date=11 December 2019 | url=https://alc.org.au/our-organisation/ | access-date=4 August 2020}}

Notable people from Cummeragunja

Jack Charles, actor and co-founder of Australia's first Indigenous theatre group, Nindethana, in Melbourne
William Cooper, founder of the Australian Aborigines League
Jimmy Little, musician, singer, songwriter and guitarist
Sir Douglas Nicholls, leading Australian rules footballer, Churches of Christ pastor and Governor of South Australia
Shadrach James, Former Fitzroy footballer & country footballer with Mooroopna and Brocklesby.
Bill Onus, political activist, entrepreneur and actor/performer
Jack Patten, founder of the Aborigines Progressive Association and organiser of the 1938 Day of Mourning in NSW
The Sapphires, singing group on which the international film The Sapphires (film) and Australian play The Sapphires (play) was based
Margaret Tucker, co-founder of the Australian Aborigines League and author of If Everyone Cared (1977), one of the first autobiographies to deal with the experience of the Stolen Generations
Margaret Wirrpanda, niece of Margaret Tucker, activist