Curtiss Carrier Pigeon

In 1925 the U.S. Postal Service felt they had excellent operational service with converted Airco D.H.4 biplanes. The eight-year-old designs were considered antiquated by this time, however, and a modern purpose-built machine was desired. While most manufacturers started to build new generation passenger aircraft with mail cargo capability, the Curtiss Carrier Pigeon was the first clean-sheet design specifically made for U.S. air-mail service. The aircraft was intended to be sold directly to the Postal Service, but new legislation that opened up outside contracts brought on a slew of competing models.

The Carrier Pigeon was drawn up to meet or exceed the original postal specifications. Strength, serviceability, and ease of maintenance were the three core design criteria. It was intended to provide service on the nighttime runs between Chicago and New York, with only one stop. The plane was built to take advantage of the powerful and plentiful 400 hp Liberty L-12 engine to meet Postal specifications. Up to 40,000 airmail letters could be carried in the 1,000 lb capacity cargo hold.

The fuselage was a welded steel tube frame covered in fabric. The upper and lower wings were interchangeable and used solid, unspliced spruce spars. The rudder, ailerons, and elevators were also interchangeable, which reduced spares counts.{{cite web |url=http://www.airmailpioneers.org/antiques/Pigeon.htm |title=Curtiss Carrier Pigeon |accessdate=2010-06-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917040037/http://airmailpioneers.org/antiques/Pigeon.htm |archivedate=2010-09-17 }} The hinges used heavy replaceable bronze pins to reduce wear.

The watertight cargo hold was at the center of gravity so the aircraft could accommodate a range of loads without affecting the balance. The landing gear used rubber doughnut suspension. The fuel tank could be jettisoned in case of an emergency. A seven quart fire extinguisher was plumbed to the engine compartment for suppression of inflight fires. The pilot could choose between wheel or stick control based on his preference.Flight April 26, 1925, pp. 228–229.

A prototype Curtiss Carrier Pigeon flown by Charles S. (Casey) Jones placed 7th in the 1925 Edsel B. Ford Reliability Tour. Out of 17 starters, 11 aircraft including the Carrier Pigeon completed with a perfect score, netting a $350 prize.{{Cite web|url=http://earlyaviators.com/ejonesc2.htm|title = Charles S. (Casey) Jones}}*Flight - The Aircraft Engineer and Airships, "The Ford Reliability Tour" November 26, 1925 Henry Ford waited at the finish line to greet the winners of the 1,900 mile endurance test.Luddington Daily News, Reliability Planes Complete Air Test, October 5, 1925

The Carrier Pigeon was used by National Air Transport Inc. At the time, both Curtiss and NAT were owned and controlled by Clement Keys. Ten Carrier Pigeons were put into service with 35 surplus Liberty engine spares. NAT used the Carrier Pigeon for the Contract Air Mail CAM-3 (Chicago-Dallas) route. The first recorded service was on May 12, 1926 with The route between Chicago, Illinois and Dallas, Texas. Stops were scheduled in Moline, Illinois, Saint Joseph, Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, Wichita, Kansas, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Fort Worth, Texas. The maiden flight was piloted by D A Askew, R L Dobie, R H Fatt, Lawrence H Garrison, P E Johnson, H L Kindred and Edmund Matucha. These pilots logged 776,351 miles of flight in the first year without an accident or loss of any mail.

NAT invested $10 million competing for the nighttime Chicago to New York route (CAM 17). NAT started service on September 1, 1927 using Carrier Pigeons from CAM-3.{{Cite web|url=http://www.antiqueairfield.com/features/us_airmail.html|title=U.S. Air Mail Service - 90th Anniversary|access-date=2010-06-08|archive-date=2017-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614092048/http://www.antiqueairfield.com/features/us_airmail.html|url-status=dead}} These planes flew the early lighted airway from Cheyenne to Chicago, and recently extended to New York. The path over the Allegheny Mountains was referred to as the "Hell Stretch".The Boeing 247: the first modern airliner By F. Robert Van der Linden, National Air and Space Museum page 18 Early in 1929, NAT acquired seven 625 hp Curtiss Falcons, these replaced the smaller Carrier Pigeons. D. A. Askew flew the final Carrier Pigeon flight. He had flown this same aircraft on the inaugural CAM No. 3 flight.{{Cite web|url=http://www.uahf.org/united_history_01.asp|title = United Airlines Historical Foundation}}

On February 9, 1934, the Post Office cancelled all airmail contracts on suspicion that the mail carrying contracts had been awarded through collusion during the previous administration.{{Cite web|url=http://www.aerodacious.com/ccCAM003.HTM|title=CAM Contract Air Mail First Flights CAM-3}}

One fatal airmail crash was recorded in a Carrier Pigeon. Arthur R. Smith was killed in aircraft #602 when he hit trees near Montpelier, Ohio, en route to Chicago.{{cite web |url=http://www.airmailpioneers.org/history/article1.html |title=Remember the Air Mail Pioneers |accessdate=2010-06-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917035737/http://airmailpioneers.org/history/article1.html |archivedate=2010-09-17 }}

On November 27, 1929, Evelyn "Bobbi" Trout and Elinor Smith took off from Metropolitan Airport in a Commercial Sunbeam biplane in an attempt to set an official record for a refueled endurance flight by women. A Carrier Pigeon was used as the tanker aircraft, which refueled the Sunbeam 3 1/2 times.{{cite web |url=http://www.airportjournals.com/Display.cfm?varID=0303005 |title=Airport Journals |accessdate=2010-03-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102130/http://www.airportjournals.com/Display.cfm?varID=0303005 |archivedate=2011-07-07 }} The Sunbeam was to be refueled in early morning and before sunset. Refueling went well. With shifts of four hours each, two days passed. By Thanksgiving Day, they had been up for 39 hours. While refueling, the Carrier Pigeon began trailing black smoke. Trout quickly tossed the fueling hose over the side as Smith maneuvered away from the ailing Carrier Pigeon. It landed, and the fliers emerged safely.{{cite web |url=http://womenaviators.org/BobbiTrout.html |title=Evelyn "Bobbi" Trout |accessdate=2011-10-29 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124035828/http://womenaviators.org/BobbiTrout.html |archivedate=2010-01-24 }}

File:Curtiss Carrier Pigeon II.jpg

• The Carrier Pigeon 2 was built by the Carrier Pigeon Co of Buffalo, New York in 1929. This was a larger and modernized version of its predecessor with a 600 hp geared Curtiss Conqueror and a three-blade prop.{{Cite web|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_curt.html|title = Curtiss # to J}}
• The Curtiss Lark model 41 was the follow-on aircraft, employing four interchangeable wing panels.

File:Curtiss_Carrier_Pigeon_3-view_L'Aéronautique_March,1927.png

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{{reflist}}

• Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947. London:Putnam, 1979. {{ISBN|0-370-10029-8}}.
• [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1925/1925%20-%200228.html "The Curtiss Carrier Pigeon"]. Flight, April 16, 1925, pp. 228–229.
• [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1925/1925%20-%200786.html "The Ford Reliability Tour"], Flight, November 26, 1925. p. 786.

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{{commons category|Curtiss Carrier Pigeon}}

• http://www.aerodacious.com/ccCAM003.HTM
• http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal102/americabyair/abaImage.cfm?webID=202.p7 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607062504/http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal102/americabyair/abaImage.cfm?webID=202.p7 |date=2011-06-07 }}
• [https://archive.today/20130416051048/http://www.spafi.org/index.php/component/rsgallery2/category/21/itemPage/69/asInline?limit=1&lang=iso-8859-2]

{{Curtiss aircraft}}

Category:1920s United States mailplanes

Carrier Pigeon

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Category:Aircraft first flown in 1925

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