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Cusp neighborhood

{{Short description|Neighborhood of a singularity of cusp type}}

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In mathematics, a cusp neighborhood is defined as a set of points near a cusp singularity.{{Cite journal |last=Fujikawa |first=Ege |last2=Shiga |first2=Hiroshige |last3=Taniguchi |first3=Masahiko |date=2004 |title=On the action of the mapping class group for Riemann surfaces of infinite type |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmath1948/56/4/56_4_1069/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1069–1086 |doi=10.2969/jmsj/1190905449}}

Cusp neighborhood for a Riemann surface

The cusp neighborhood for a hyperbolic Riemann surface can be defined in terms of its Fuchsian model.{{Cite journal |last=Basmajian |first=Ara |date=1992 |title=Generalizing the hyperbolic collar lemma |url=https://www.ams.org/bull/1992-27-01/S0273-0979-1992-00298-7/ |journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=154–158 |doi=10.1090/S0273-0979-1992-00298-7 |issn=0273-0979|arxiv=math/9207211 }}

Suppose that the Fuchsian group G contains a parabolic element g. For example, the element t ∈ SL(2,Z) where

:t(z)=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}:z = \frac{1\cdot z+1}{0 \cdot z + 1} = z+1

is a parabolic element. Note that all parabolic elements of SL(2,C) are conjugate to this element. That is, if g ∈ SL(2,Z) is parabolic, then g=h^{-1}th for some h ∈ SL(2,Z).

The set

:U=\{ z \in \mathbf{H} : \Im z > 1 \}

where H is the upper half-plane has

:\gamma(U) \cap U = \emptyset

for any \gamma \in G - \langle g \rangle where \langle g \rangle is understood to mean the group generated by g. That is, γ acts properly discontinuously on U. Because of this, it can be seen that the projection of U onto H/G is thus

:E = U/ \langle g \rangle.

Here, E is called the neighborhood of the cusp corresponding to g.

Note that the hyperbolic area of E is exactly 1, when computed using the canonical Poincaré metric. This is most easily seen by example: consider the intersection of U defined above with the fundamental domain

:\left\{ z \in H: \left| z \right| > 1,\, \left| \,\mbox{Re}(z) \,\right| < \frac{1}{2} \right\}

of the modular group, as would be appropriate for the choice of T as the parabolic element. When integrated over the volume element

:d\mu=\frac{dxdy}{y^2}

the result is trivially 1. Areas of all cusp neighborhoods are equal to this, by the invariance of the area under conjugation.

See also

References

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Category:Hyperbolic geometry

Category:Riemann surfaces