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Cybistra#Iron Age

{{Short description|Town of ancient Cappadocia}}

{{distinguish|Heraclea Cybistra|Cyzistra}}

{{Contains special characters|cuneiform}}

{{Infobox ancient site

| name = Cybistra

| native_name = {{langx|tr|Karahöyük}}

| map_size = 250

| map_type = Turkey

| relief = 1

| coordinates = {{coord|37.662456|N|34.226824|E|source:http://dare.ht.lu.se/places/21579|display=inline}}

| alternate_name = Ḫubišna

| location = Turkey

| region = Konya Province

}}

Cybistra or Kybistra, earlier known as Ḫubišna,{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=153}} was a town of ancient Cappadocia or Cilicia.

The main city of Kybistra/Ḫubišna was located at the site corresponding to present-day {{ill|Karahöyük, Konya|lt=Karahöyük|tr|Aziziye, Ereğli}},{{sfn|Bryce|2009|pages=320-321}} about 10 km northeast of the modern town of Ereğli in Konya Province, Turkey.{{Cite Barrington|66}}{{Cite DARE|21579}}{{sfn|Weeden|2010|p=39-40}}{{sfn|Aro|2013|p=389}}{{sfn|Weeden|2017|p=727}} It was the capital of a Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite kingdom in the 1st millennium BCE.

Name

The name of the city was recorded during the Old Assyrian Colony Period as {{Transliteration|akk-x-oldassyr|Ḫabušna}} ({{langx|akk-x-oldassyr|{{cuneiform|6|𒄷𒁉𒅖𒈾}}}}).{{sfn|Kessler|1975|page=500}}

The name of the city was {{Transliteration|hit|Ḫubišna}} ({{langx|hit|{{cuneiform|ana|𒌷𒄷𒁉𒅖𒈾}}}}{{sfn|Kryszeń|2023b}} and {{lang|hit|{{cuneiform|ana|𒌷𒄷𒁉𒌍𒈾}}}}{{sfn|Kryszeń|2023b}}) or {{Transliteration|hit|Ḫabušna}} ({{lang|hit|{{cuneiform|ana|𒌷𒄩𒁍𒍑𒈾}}}}{{sfn|Kryszeń|2023a}}) during the Hittite Empire.{{sfn|Kessler|1975|page=500}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=153}}

The city appears in Neo-Assyrian records under the names:{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=153}}

During Classical Antiquity, the city became known as Cybistra ({{langx|grc|Κυβιστρα|translit=Kubistra}}; {{langx|la|Cybistra}}).{{sfn|Kessler|1975|page=500}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=153}}

History

File:Map Hittite rule en.svg.]]

=Bronze Age=

==Middle Bronze==

Prior to the Hittite period, Hubisna was a stregic hub guarding the northern end of the Cilician Gates going south to Tarsus.

According to the Telepinu Proclamation, Ḫubišna was one of the places which the 17th century BCE founder-king of the Hittite Old Kingdom, Labarna I had conquered and over which he had subsequently appointed his sons as rulers.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|pages=320-321}}

During the 16th century BCE, the late Hittite Old Kingdom king Ammuna carried out several military campaigns to attempt to re-subjugate former states which had revolted against Hittite suzerainty, including Ḫubišna.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|pages=320-321}}

==Late Bronze==

Ḫubišna was mentioned in the texts of the Hittite Empire, as a country located in southern Anatolia, in the part of the Lower Land corresponding to the later Classical Tyanitis.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=153}}

=Iron Age=

{{Infobox former country

| conventional_long_name = {{lang|akk-x-neoassyr|{{cuneiform|11|𒆳𒄷𒁉𒅖𒈾}}}} ({{Transliteration|akk-x-neoassyr|Ḫubišna}})

| era = Iron Age

| year_start = {{c.|12th century BCE}} ?

| year_end = {{c.|7th century BCE}} ?

| event_start = Late Bronze Age collapse

| p1 = Hittite empire

| flag_p1 = Hittite KingdomsecXIV.png

| image_map = Estats neohitites i arameus a Síria al segle VIII aC.png

| image_map_caption = Ḫubišna (in purple) among the Syro-Hittite states.

| image_map2 = NeoHittiteStates.gif

| map_caption2 = Tabal among the Neo-Hittite states. Ḫubišna (Hupisna) was one of the constituent states of Tabal.

| capital = Ḫubišna

| common_languages = Luwian

| religion = Luwian religion

| title_leader = King

| leader1 = Puḫame

| year_leader1 = {{c.|836 BCE}}

| leader2 = Uirimmi

| year_leader2 = {{c.|737 BCE}}

| today = Turkey

}}

==Kingdom of Ḫubišna==

After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, Ḫubišna became one of the Syro-Hittite states of the region of Tabal, in whose southern regions it was located.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=153}}{{sfn|Bryce|2009|pages=320-321}}

Little is known about the kingdom of Ḫubišna. The king Puḫame of Ḫubišna did not initially submit to the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III ({{Reign|859|824 BCE}}) after 24 other king of the Tabalian region submitted to him following his attack on the kingdom of Tabal proper during his campaign there in 837 or 836 BCE. Puḫame became a tributary of Shalmaneser III only after he passed through the kingdom and capital of Ḫubišna.{{sfn|Weeden|2010|p=39}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=153}}{{sfn|Levine|1975|pages=500-501}}{{sfn|Bryce|2009|pages=320-321}}{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=973}}

By {{c.|738 BC}}, the Tabalian region, including Ḫubišna, had become a tributary of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, either after the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III's ({{Reign|745|727 BCE}}) conquest of Arpad over the course of 743 to 740 BC caused the states of the Tabalian region to submit to him, or possibly as a result of a campaign of Tiglath-pileser III in Tabal.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=144}}{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=271}}{{sfn|Aro|2013|p=389}}

Therefore, the king Uirimmi of Ḫubišna was mentioned in the records of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as one of five kings who offered tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III in 738 and 737 BCE.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=153}}{{sfn|Levine|1975|pages=500-501}}{{sfn|Bryce|2009|pages=320-321}}

In 679 BCE, the Assyrian king Esarhaddon ({{Reign|681|669 BCE}}) defeated the Cimmerians and killed their king Teušpa at Ḫubišna. Esarhaddon appears to have reached Ḫubišna by passing through the Göksu river valley and bypassing the Anti-Taurus Mountains and Tabal proper.{{sfn|Bryce|2012|p=153}}{{sfn|Levine|1975|pages=500-501}}{{sfn|Bryce|2009|pages=320-321}}{{sfn|Aro|2013|p=390}}{{sfn|Aro|2023|p=116}}{{sfn|Weeden|2023|p=1004}}

===List of rulers===

=Classical antiquity=

Strabo, after mentioning Tyana, says "that not far from it are Castabala and Cybistra, forts which are still nearer to the mountain," by which he means Taurus.{{Cite Strabo|p. 537}} Cybistra and Castabala were in that division of Cappadocia which was called Cilicia. Strabo makes it six days' journey from Mazaca to the Pylae Ciliciae, through Tyana, which is about half way; then he makes it 300 stadia, or about two days' journey, from Tyana to Cybistra, which leaves about a day's journey from Cybistra to the Pylae. William Martin Leake observed, "We learn also from the Table that Cybistra was on the road from Tyana to Mazaca, and sixty-four Roman miles from the former." Ptolemy places Cybistra in Cataonia.{{Cite Ptolemy|5.7}}

When Cicero was proconsul of Cilicia (51/50 BCE), he led his troops southwards towards the Taurus through that part of Cappadocia which borders on Cilicia, and he encamped "on the verge of Cappadocia, not far from Taurus, at a town Cybistra, in order to defend Cilicia, and at the same time hold Cappadocia.Cicero, ad Fans. 15.2, 4. Cicero stayed five days at Cybistra, and on hearing that the Parthians were a long way off that entrance into Cappadocia, and were hanging on the borders of Cilicia, he immediately marched into Cilicia through the Pylae of the Taurus, and came to Tarsus.Cicero, ad Att. 5.20 This is quite consistent with Strabo.

Bishopric

Cybistra was from an early stage a Christian bishopric, as shown by the participation of its bishop Timotheus in the First Council of Nicaea in 325. Cyrus took part in the Council of Chalcedon in 351 and was a signatory of the letter that the bishops of the Roman province of Cappadocia Secunda, to which Cybistra belonged, sent in 458 to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian after the murder of Proterius of Alexandria. The diocese no longer appears in Notitiae Episcopatuum from the end of the 15th century.Michel Lequien, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0agp0mJFG_sC Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus], Paris 1740, Vol. I, coll. 401-404Raymond Janin, v. Cybistra ou Cybista, in [http://booksnow.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/4/dictionnairedhis13bauduoft/dictionnairedhis13bauduoft.pdf Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques], vol. XIII, Paris 1956, coll. 1143-1144

No longer a residential bishopric, Cybistra is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 869

=List of titular bishops=

References

{{Reflist}}

{{DGRG|title=Cybistra}}

Sources

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Streck |editor-first1=Michael P. |editor-link1=:de:Michael P. Streck |editor-last2=Frantz-Szabó |editor-first2=Gabriella |editor-last3=Krebernik |editor-first3=Manfred |editor-link3=:de:Manfred Krebernik |editor-last4=Bonacossi |editor-first4=D. Morandi |editor-last5=Postgate |editor-first5=J. N. |editor-link5=Nicholas Postgate (academic) |editor-last6=Seidl |editor-first6=Ursula |editor-link6=:de:Ursula Seidl |editor-last7=Stol |editor-first7=M. |editor-last8=Wilhelm |editor-first8=Gernot |editor-link8=:de:Gernot Wilhelm |last=Aro |first=Sanna |author-link= |date=2013 |title=Tabal |encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie |trans-encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies |language=de |pages=388–391 |volume=13 |url= |location=Berlin, Germany; New York City, United States |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-110-30715-3 }}
  • {{cite book |editor-last1=Draycott |editor-first1=Catherine M. |editor-last2=Branting |editor-first2=Scott |editor-last3=Lehner |editor-first3=Joseph W. |editor-last4=Özarslan |editor-first4=Yasemin |last=Aro |first=Sanna |author-link= |date=2023 |chapter=Vanishing kingdoms: Tabal and Tuwana during the seventh century BC |title=From Midas to Cyrus and Other Stories: Papers on Iron Age Anatolia in Honour of Geoffrey and Françoise Summers |series=BIAA Monograph Series |url= |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=British Institute at Ankara |pages=113–135 |isbn=978-1-912-09011-2 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Bryce |first=Trevor |author-link=Trevor R. Bryce |date=2009 |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire |url= |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-39485-7 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Bryce |first=Trevor |author-link=Trevor R. Bryce |date=2012 |title=The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History |url=https://archive.org/details/TheWorld.www.booksjadid.blogspot.com |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-199-21872-1}}
  • {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Edzard |editor-first1=Dietz Otto |editor-link1=Dietz Otto Edzard |editor-last2=Calmeyer |editor-first2=P. |editor-last3=Moortgat |editor-first3=A. |editor-link3=Anton Moortgat |editor-last4=Otten |editor-first4=H. |editor-last5=Röllig |editor-first5=Wolfgang |editor-link5=:de:Wolfgang Röllig |editor-last6=v. Soden |editor-first6=W. |editor-link6=Wolfram von Soden |editor-last7=Wiseman |editor-first7=D. J. |editor-link7=Donald Wiseman |last=Kessler |first=K. |author-link=:de:Karlheinz Kessler |date=1975 |title=Ḫupišna |encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie |trans-encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies |language=de |page=500|volume=4 |url= |location=Berlin, Germany; New York City, United States |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-110-06772-9 }}
  • {{cite web |url=https://hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/HiTop/hetgeoitem.php?i=%E1%B8%AAapu%C5%A1na |title=Ḫapušna |last=Kryszeń |first=A. |date=2023a |website=Hittite Toponyms |publisher=University of Mainz; University of Würzburg |access-date=28 April 2024 }}
  • {{cite web |url=https://hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/HiTop/hetgeoitem.php?i=%E1%B8%AAupi%C5%A1na |title=Ḫupišna |last=Kryszeń |first=A. |date=2023b |website=Hittite Toponyms |publisher=University of Mainz; University of Würzburg |access-date=28 April 2024 }}
  • {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Edzard |editor-first1=Dietz Otto |editor-link1=Dietz Otto Edzard |editor-last2=Calmeyer |editor-first2=P. |editor-last3=Moortgat |editor-first3=A. |editor-link3=Anton Moortgat |editor-last4=Otten |editor-first4=H. |editor-last5=Röllig |editor-first5=Wolfgang |editor-link5=:de:Wolfgang Röllig |editor-last6=v. Soden |editor-first6=W. |editor-link6=Wolfram von Soden |editor-last7=Wiseman |editor-first7=D. J. |editor-link7=Donald Wiseman |last=Levine |first=L.D. |author-link= |date=1975 |title=Ḫupišna |encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie |trans-encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies |language=de |pages=500–501 |volume=4 |url= |location=Berlin, Germany; New York City, United States |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-110-06772-9 }}
  • {{cite journal |last=Weeden |first=Mark |date=2010 |title=Tuwati and Wasusarma: Imitating the Behaviour of Assyria |url=https://www.academia.edu/46316875 |journal=Iraq |publisher=British Institute for the Study of Iraq |volume=72 |issue= |pages=39–61 |doi=10.1017/S0021088900000589 |access-date=7 April 2024 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Weeden |first=Mark |editor-last1=Heffron |editor-first1=Yağmur |editor-last2=Stone |editor-first2=Adam |editor-last3=Worthington |editor-first3=Martin |editor-link3=Martin Worthington (academic) |date=2017 |chapter=Tabal and the Limits of Assyrian Imperialism |title=At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate |volume=2 |location=Winona, United States |publisher=Eisenbrauns |pages=721–736 |isbn=978-1-57506-471-0 }}
  • {{cite book |editor-last1=Radner |editor-first1=Karen |editor-link1=Karen Radner |editor-last2=Moeller |editor-first2=Nadine |editor-last3=Potts |editor-first3=Daniel T. |last=Weeden |first=Mark |date=2023 |chapter=The Iron Age States of Central Anatolia and Northern Syria |title=The Age of Assyria |series=The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East |volume=4 |url= |location=New York City, United States |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=912–1026 |isbn=978-0-190-68763-2}}

{{refend}}

{{Former settlements in Turkey}}

{{Syro-Hittite states}}

{{Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord|37.662456|N|34.226824|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

Category:Tabal

Category:Anatolia

Category:Syro-Hittite states

Category:Former populated places in Turkey

Category:Geography of Konya Province

Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire

Category:Populated places in ancient Cappadocia

Category:Populated places in ancient Cilicia

Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia