Cyborgs (Donetsk airport)

The science fiction term (short for cybernetic organism) means a biological organism that contains mechanical or electronic components that replace or complement its organs. Numerous examples from mass culture and non-fiction cyborgs are described as people with artificially enhanced physical or mental abilities: they tend to have excessive power, heightened sense, a computer brain, or a built-in weapon.{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/3dprinted-electronic-glove-could-help-keep-your-heart-beating-for-ever-9166004.html|title=3D-printed 'electronic glove' could help keep your heart beating for ever|work=The Independent|date=3 March 2014}}

The word cyborg, referring to defenders of Donetsk airport, was first used in September 2014 by an unknown pro-Russian militant. He then tried to explain why the units of the militia forces could not take up arms at the Donetsk airport, which is protected by several dozen Ukrainian servicemen with small arms.{{cite news|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/26779804.html|title=Слово "кіборги" словник назвав словом року|date=6 January 2015|publisher=Радіо Свобода|access-date=17 February 2020}}

This meaning was included in dictionaries.{{which|date=December 2023}}Дем'яненко В. Кіборги / Віра Дем'яненко // Енциклопедичний словник символів культури України / за заг. ред. В. П. Коцура, О. І. Потапенка, В. В. Куйбіди. — 7-е вид. — Корсунь-Шевченківський: Всесвіт, 2017. — С. 237—241. {{ISBN|978-966-2652-18-5}} In particular, the dictionary of modern Ukrainian language and slang "Myslovo" recognized "cyborgs" as the word of 2014. The same year, the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko recorded a New Year's address with them.{{cite news|url=https://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/3461492-u-novorichnomu-zvernenni-poroshenko-pryvitaie-ukraintsiv-iz-kiborhamy|title=У новорічному зверненні Порошенко привітає українців із "кіборгами"|date=27 December 2014|publisher=Кореспондент|access-date=17 February 2020}} Other neologisms have appeared in the media: cyborgport,{{cite news|url=http://www.volynpost.com/news/45404-kadyrivci-zakyduyut-kiborgport-dymovymy-granatamy|title="Кадирівці" закидують "кіборгпорт" димовими гранатами|date=18 January 2015|publisher=ВолиньPost|access-date=17 February 2020}} cyborgiada.

It is noteworthy that Kruty's heroes are now sometimes called "the first cyborgs".{{cite news|url=https://old.uinp.gov.ua/news/olesya-isayuk-shist-tez-pro-kruti-abo-shcho-ne-tak-iz-traditsiinim-bachennyam-podii-29-sichnya-|title=ОЛЕСЯ ІСАЮК. ШІСТЬ ТЕЗ ПРО КРУТИ АБО ЩО НЕ ТАК ІЗ ТРАДИЦІЙНИМ БАЧЕННЯМ ПОДІЙ 29 СІЧНЯ 1918 РОКУ|publisher=УІНП|access-date=20 February 2020}}

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At various times in the airport and the nearby village of Pisky fought special forces of the 3rd Special Purpose Regiment, 79th, 80th, 81st, 95th Air Assault Brigade, and 93rd Mechanized Brigade, 57th Motorized Brigade, 90th Airmobile Battalion, and 74th Separate Reconnaissance Battalion, fighters of the Dnipro-1 regiment, soldiers of the Volunteer Ukrainian Corps (VUC) and other formations.{{cite news|url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/2859036-pat-rokiv-tomu-zaversilisa-boi-za-doneckij-aeroport-akij-oboronali-242-dni.html|title=П'ять років тому завершилися бої за Донецький аеропорт, який обороняли 242 дні|date=20 January 2020|publisher=Укрінформ|access-date=18 February 2020}}

The total number of servicemen involved in operations at the airport is difficult to establish, but the exact number of dead is known: 100 soldiers, including 4 missing (at least one of them is suspected to have defected). In addition to the dead, there are data on 290-305 wounded during the fighting.{{cite news|url=https://novynarnia.com/2020/01/20/100-kiborgiv/|title=5 років від завершення оборони ДАПу: імена й фото всіх загиблих "кіборгів"|date=20 January 2020|publisher=Новинарня|access-date=18 February 2020}}

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In March 2014, during the Russian annexation of the Crimean peninsula, servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine were involved in the protection of the Donetsk airport: from the 3rd separate special purpose regiment and the 95th separate airmobile brigade. The first (unsuccessful) attempt to seize the DIAP by supporters of the so-called DPR happened on 17 April 2014.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

File:Ruins_of_Donetsk_International_airport_(27).jpg

As of 26 November, the 81st separate mechanized brigade was included in the combat forces in the area of the Anti-Terrorist Operation. On 1 December, part of the 1st company-tactical group of the 90th battalion of the 81st was transferred as a garrison from the village Pisky to the airport.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

As a result of regular peace talks, an agreement was reached on a complete ceasefire in the anti-terrorist operation zone starting at 10:00 on 9 December 2014. According to these agreements, the DIAP was to rotate through the "green corridor" - a checkpoint for militia. Ukrainian soldiers were restricted to carrying only firearms and a limited amount of ammunition. Militia have the right to search the checkpoint of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.[http://nvimu.com.ua/webroot/article_img/files/342/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_WEB.pdf Оборона Донецького аеропорту, 2014—2015. Хроніка бойових втрат. Мартиролог. — К.: Національний військово-історичний музей України, 2020]

The "green corridor", which Ukrainian soldiers called the "corridor of shame", lasted a little over a month. In January 2015, hostilities resumed.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

At 14:56 there was a second explosion in the new terminal from the detonation of three tons of TNT - as a result, three floors of the terminal ceased to exist. Inside, less than half of the 55 defenders who remained, survived. The last 16 people surrendered on 21 January. The critically wounded were sent to the hospital, and the rest were tortured.

On 22 January 17, prisoners were forced to walk the streets of Donetsk in the so-called "Parade". The Ukrainian Prosecutor General's Office classifies such acts as a violation of the 1949 Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War.{{Cite news|date=22 January 2015|title=Бойовики таки вивели полонених кіборгів на вулиці Донецька (фото, відео)|publisher=УНІАН|url=https://www.unian.ua/politics/1035084-boyoviki-taki-viveli-polonenih-kiborgiv-na-vulitsi-donetska-foto-video.html|access-date=21 February 2020}}{{Cite news|date=4 February 2020|title="ПАРАД ПОЛОНЕНИХ" У ДОНЕЦЬКУ: ЧОТИРЬОМ БОЙОВИКАМ "ДНР" ОГОЛОСИЛИ ПІДОЗРИ|publisher=Прямий|url=https://prm.ua/parad-polonenih-u-donetsku-chotirom-boyovikam-dnr-ogolosili-pidozri/|access-date=19 February 2020}}

Over the next few days, several dozen militants on the outskirts of the resort were killed by Ukrainian intelligence. On 27 January, the Armed Forces recaptured part of the airport to retrieve the bodies of seven dead soldiers.{{Cite news|date=20 January 2020|title=5 РОКІВ ОБОРОНИ ДОНЕЦЬКОГО ЛЕТОВИЩА|publisher=Армія ФМ|url=https://www.armyfm.com.ua/5-rokiv-oboroni-doneckogo-letovishha/|access-date=21 February 2020}}

The last five "cyborgs" were given to the Ukrainian side on 22 February 2015, as part of an exchange of 139 Ukrainian soldiers for 52 captured militants.{{Cite news|date=22 February 2015|title=Під Луганськом звільнили 139 військових. Повний список|publisher=УП|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/02/22/7059351/|access-date=19 February 2020}}

In March 2015, on the territory of the new terminal, Ukrainian prisoners under the escort of armed militia cleared the debris and retrieved the bodies of their dead comrades. The remains were taken to the Donetsk morgue, and later transferred to the city of Dnipro.

File:Президент_вручив_ордени_«Золота_Зірка»_Героя_України_матерям_загиблих_героїв_АТО.jpg

For the defense of the airport received the honorary title of Hero of Ukraine:

File:Awards for the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport - Branovytsky Igor Yevhenovych.jpg

• Soldier Branovytsky Igor Yevhenovych (23 August 2016, posthumously)
• Junior Sergeant Igor Zinich (14 October 2015, posthumously)
• Senior Lieutenant Zubkov Ivan Ivanovich (10 June 2015, posthumously)
• Captain Kolodiy Serhiy Volodymyrovych (23 August 2016, posthumously)
• Major Mezhevikin Yevhen Mykolayovych (14 October 2015)
• Volunteer Tabala Serhiy Oleksandrovych (21 November 2016, posthumously)

On 27 January 2015, President Poroshenko awarded the tankers who on 22 January ensured the exit of Ukrainian units from the encirclement at the airport. In particular, Lieutenant Yevhen Honchar was awarded the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky III degree, Sergeant Konstantin Baltarga, Soldier Volodymyr Sukhanin and Gunner Soldier Dmytro Trynoha the Order For Courage III degree.[http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/01/27/7056557/ Poroshenko rewarded the military who helped the «cyborgs» to leave the airport]

19 October 2014 Oleksandr Turchynov, Chairman of The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, awarded nine Ukrainian soldiers defending the Donetsk Airport with commemorative engraved "Named Pistols".[http://espreso.tv/news/2014/10/20/turchynov_nahorodyv_quotkiborhivquot_z_doneckoho_aeroportu_imennoyu_zbroyeyu Turchynov awarded «cyborgs» from the Donetsk airport with the nominal weapon]

The non-governmental award, the badge "For the Defense of Donetsk Airport", has been awarded by the NGO "Brothers of Ukraine" since 2015.

File:Battle_of_Donetsk_Airport_2020_stampsheet_of_Ukraine.jpg

The defense of Donetsk airport lasted 242 days - only a week less than the siege of Sevastopol (2 November 1941 – 3 July 1942), and much longer than the defense of Brest Fortress (22 June – 20 July 1941) during the German-Soviet war.

The airport was of special importance for the logistics of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. After the enemy retained control of about 150 kilometers of the state border in May, the maintenance of airports was no longer a deterrent to Russian aggression. However, this territory could become a springboard for the attack of Ukrainian troops on Donetsk.

According to the results of the Minsk Protocol, the warring parties were to create a 30-kilometer demarcation zone between pro-Russian troops and Ukrainian troops. In this regard, the field commanders of the militants decided to win a demonstrative political victory. They launched a frontal attack to declare that the Ukrainians had not left on their own and that the airport had been stormed by the time the 30-kilometer zone was created and Ukrainian troops were withdrawn.

Despite the retreat of the last defenders directly from the territory of the Donetsk airport, positions of the Ukrainian forces pass in close proximity to it, and therefore fighting of various intensity proceeded there for a long time.{{Cite news|title=242 дні самовідданої оборони Донецького аеропорту – символ незламності українського духу, національної гідності та героїзму|publisher=Новокодацька районна у місті Дніпрі рада|url=http://nkrr.gov.ua/korisno-znati/1382-242-dn-samovddano-oboroni-doneczkogo-aeroportu--simvol-nezlamnost-ukranskogo-duxu-naczonalno-gdnost-ta-gerozmu|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220210654/http://nkrr.gov.ua/korisno-znati/1382-242-dn-samovddano-oboroni-doneczkogo-aeroportu--simvol-nezlamnost-ukranskogo-duxu-naczonalno-gdnost-ta-gerozmu|url-status=dead}}

According to Major General Oleg Mikats, the Ukrainian forces' hold of the airfield restrained the enemy's forces. The biggest battle of Debaltseve began after the fall of the DIAP, and if the Ukrainian military was not there, the Armed Forces could lose not only Debaltseve.{{Cite news|last=Шрамович|first=В'ячеслав|date=20 January 2020|title=Як обороняли і як втратили Донецький аеропорт. Спогади командира кіборгів Мікаца|language=uk|work=BBC News Україна|url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-51179518|access-date=21 January 2020}}

The losses of militants during the entire campaign amounted to at least 800 people killed and 1,500-2,000 wounded.{{Cite web|last=Aleksandr Fedchenko|date=29 January 2015|title=Украинский Сталинград: 242 дня обороны донецкого аэропорта|trans-title=Ukrainian Stalingrad: 242 days of defending Donetsk airport|url=http://kp.ua/incidents/488292-ukraynskyi-stalynhrad-242-dnia-oborony-donetskoho-aeroporta|access-date=2 February 2015|publisher=kp.ua|language=ru}}

File:Kiborgi3ab_0.png

On 16 January, Ukrainians honor the memory of the defenders of Donetsk airport. This is a semi-official day of remembrance, established on the initiative of the cyborgs themselves. Funeral and commemorative events are held on this day, including with the participation of senior government officials. However, there are no available explanations as to why such a date was chosen.

20 January is also called Remembrance Day.{{cite news|url=https://old.uinp.gov.ua/news/20-sichnya-v-den-pam-yati-zakhisnikiv-donetskogo-aeroportu-vidkrilasya-vistavka-aeroport-pekeln|title=20 СІЧНЯ, В ДЕНЬ ПАМ'ЯТІ ЗАХИСНИКІВ ДОНЕЦЬКОГО АЕРОПОРТУ, ВІДКРИЛАСЯ ВИСТАВКА "АЕРОПОРТ… ПЕКЕЛЬНА СМУГА"|publisher=УІНП|access-date=20 February 2020}}

Ukrposhta issued a postage stamp in honor of the "cyborgs" (22 January 2020, cat. No. 1806, face value V).{{cite news|url=https://www.ukrposhta.ua/ua/news/57031-ukrposhta-vshanovu-kiborgiv-doneckogo-aeroportu-22-sichnja-zjavitsja-poshtova-marka-voni-vistojali-ne-vitrimav-beton|title=Укрпошта вшановує "кіборгів" Донецького аеропорту: 22 січня з'явиться поштова марка "Вони вистояли! Не витримав бетон!"|publisher=Укрпошта|access-date=20 February 2020}}{{double image|right|Захисникам Донецького аеропорту аверс.jpg|125|Захисникам Донецького аеропорту реверс.jpg|120|Пам'ятна монета "Захисникам Донецького аеропорту"}}Commemorative coin of the NBU with a face value of ₴10 from the series "Armed Forces of Ukraine". The coin was put into circulation on 30 January 2018.

In honor of Igor Branovytsky a youth space "Natriy"{{cite news|url=https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/news/261019-na-chest-kiborga-igorya-branovyckogo-u-kyyevi-stvoreno-molodizhnyy-prostir-natriy|title=На честь "кіборга" Ігоря Брановицького у Києві створено молодіжний простір "Натрій"|date=26 October 2019|publisher=День|access-date=20 February 2020}} was created in Kyiv, and the street was named.

• Full-length documentary "The Ukrainians" by Leonid Kanter and Ivan Yasny (2015)
• Full-length feature film "Cyborgs: Heroes Never Die" by Akhtem Seitablayev (2017)
• Poem "Donetsk Airport" by Vladimir Tymchuk{{Cite web|title=Donetsk Airport|url=https://issuu.com/volodymyrtymchuk/docs/aeroport|access-date=20 July 2020|website=Issuu|language=en}}
• Collection of interviews and photos "AD 242. History of courage, brotherhood and self-sacrifice" (compiler Irina Shtogrin){{cite book |script-title=uk:АД 242. Історія мужності, братерства та самопожертви |isbn=978-617-12-0202-3|last1=Штогрін|first1=укл. І.|date=13 December 2015|publisher=Family Leisure Club }}
• Novel "Airport" by Sergey Loiko
• "Cyborgs" photo gallery by Sergey Loiko decorated the first column of the "Los Angeles Times" on 28 October 2014{{Cite news |date=28 October 2014|title=Great Read: Ukraine fighters, surrounded at wrecked airport, refuse to give up |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-c1-ukraine-airport-20141028-story.html |access-date=20 July 2020 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}
• Numerous photo, art and book exhibitions{{Cite web|script-title=uk:«Кіборг» Аскольд знімав війну з середини... |url=http://zt4ever.org.ua/announcements/266?lang=ukr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001600/http://zt4ever.org.ua/announcements/266?lang=ukr |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=16 May 2015}}{{Cite news |date=21 January 2016 |script-title=uk:У КИЄВІ ВІДКРИЛАСЯ ВИСТАВКА, ПРИСВЯЧЕНА "КІБОРГАМ" |publisher=ТСН |url=https://tsn.ua/ato/u-kiyevi-vidkrilasya-vistavka-prisvyachena-kiborgam-575944.html |access-date=21 February 2020}}{{Cite news |date=5 December 2019 |script-title=uk:У Вінниці відкрили виставку в пам’ять про загиблого кіборга Сергія Зулінського. Фото |publisher=Вінниця.info |url=https://www.vinnitsa.info/news/u-vinnytsi-vidkryly-vystavku-v-pam-yat-pro-zahybloho-kiborha-serhiya-zulins-koho-foto.html |access-date=21 February 2020}}{{Cite news |date=14 November 2017 |script-title=uk:Виставку, присвячену “кіборгам”, презентували у Франківську (ФОТО)|publisher=galka.if.ua|url=https://galka.if.ua/vistavku-prisvyachenu-kiborgam-prezentuvali-u-frankivsku-foto/|access-date=21 February 2020}}
• Charity calendars with photos of the military{{Cite news |date=25 December 2015 |script-title=uk:"Кіборги. Рік потому": волонтери випустили календар із бійцями. Фото |publisher=УП.Життя |url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2015/12/25/205419/ |access-date=23 February 2020}}
• The image of the airport control tower, from which the defenders made observations, completely shattered by tank shots, and the slogan "Cyborgs withstood, concrete could not withstand" became the property of mass culture.{{Cite news |date=13 January 2020 |script-title=uk:«Кіборги витримали, не витримав бетон», — п’ять років тому впала вежа Донецького аеропорту |publisher=Вчасно |url=https://vchasnoua.com/donbass/63640-kiborhy-vytrymaly-ne-vytrymav-beton-piat-rokiv-tomu-vpala-vezha-donetskoho-aeroportu |access-date=21 February 2020}}

{{double image|right|Захисникам Донецького аеропорту аверс.jpg|125|Захисникам Донецького аеропорту реверс.jpg|120|Пам'ятна монета "Захисникам Донецького аеропорту"}}

Category:Donetsk in the Russo-Ukrainian War

Category:War in Donbas