Cymbidium

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Boat orchids

| image = Cymbidium iridioides-1-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.jpg

| image_caption = Cymbidium iridioides

| display_parents = 3

| taxon = Cymbidium

| authority = Swartz{{cite web |title=Cymbidium |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330383-2#synonyms |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=12 November 2024}}

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = See text.

| synonyms_ref =

| synonyms =

Arethusantha Finet
Cymbidiopsis H.J.Chowdhery
× Cyperocymbidium A.D.Hawkes
Cyperorchis Carl Ludwig BlumeBlume
Iridorchis Blume nom. illeg.
Jensoa Raf.
Liuguishania Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang
Pachyrhizanthe (Schltr.) Nakai
Wutongshania Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang

| type_species =Cymbidium aloifolium

}}

Cymbidium {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|m|ˈ|b|ɪ|d|i|ə|m}},Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 commonly known as boat orchids, is a genus of evergreen flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial or rarely leafless saprophytic herbs usually with pseudobulbs. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are all free from and similar to each other. The labellum is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural hybrids occurring in the wild from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known in horticulture and many cultivars have been developed. The genome of Cymbidium mannii has been sequenced to study epiphytism and crassulacean acid metabolism.{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Weishu |last2=He |first2=Zheng-Shan |last3=Zhe |first3=Mengqing |last4=Feng |first4=Jing-Qiu |last5=Zhang |first5=Le |last6=Huang |first6=Yiwei |last7=Liu |first7=Fang |last8=Huang |first8=Jia-Lin |last9=Ya |first9=Ji-Dong |last10=Zhang |first10=Shi-Bao |last11=Yang |first11=Jun-Bo |last12=Zhu |first12=Andan |last13=Li |first13=De-Zhu |date=2023-09-11 |title=High-quality Cymbidium mannii genome and multifaceted regulation of crassulacean acid metabolism in epiphytes |journal=Plant Communications |series=Focus Issue on Plant Single-Cell Biology |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=100564 |doi=10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100564 |issn=2590-3462 |pmc=10504564 |pmid=36809882|bibcode=2023PlCom...400564F }}

Description

Plants in the genus Cymbidium are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are sympodial evergreen herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years. The leaf bases remain after the leaf has withered, forming a sheath around the pseudobulb. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem which arises from the base of the pseudobulb or rarely from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are usually thin and fleshy, free from, and more or less similar to each other. The labellum (as in other orchids, a highly modified third petal) is significantly different from the other petals and sepals. It is sometimes hinged to the column, or otherwise fused to it. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect, sometimes surrounding the column and the middle lobe often curving downwards. After pollination a glabrous capsule containing many light coloured seeds is produced.{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=1877069124|page =461}}{{cite web |title=Cymbidium |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108941 |publisher=Flora of China |access-date=11 January 2019}}{{cite web |url=https://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Cymbidium.htm |title=Cymbidium |author=Jones D.L. |display-authors=etal |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids |year=2006 |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Government |access-date= }}

File:Cymbidium aloifolium (labelled).jpg]]

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Cymbidium was first formally described in 1799 by Olof Swartz who published the description in Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis.{{cite book |last1=Swartz |first1=Olof |title=Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis |date=1799 |volume=6 |location=Uppsala |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/230796#page/86/mode/1up |access-date=11 January 2019}} The genus name Cymbidium is means 'little boat-shape', referring to the labellum.{{cite book |last1=Sharr |first1=Francis Aubi |last2=George |first2=Alex |title=Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings |date=2019 |publisher=Four Gables Press |location=Kardinya, WA |isbn=9780958034180 |page=72 |edition=3rd}}

In 1848 Blume raised the genus Cyperorchis in Fedde's Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis and moved 19 species and 26 hybrids previously included in Cymbidium to the new genus.{{cite book |last1=Fedde |first1=Friedrich K.G. |title=Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis |volume=20 |date=1848 |pages=105–110 |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/14701/?offset=#page=113&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= |access-date=22 May 2023}} In 1984 Christopher Seth and Phillip Cribb divided the genus into three subgenera Cyperorchis, Jensoa, and Cymbidium and each subgenus into sections. In 1988, Dupuy and Cribb modified the sections. The three subgenera were confirmed by molecular phylogeny, however the sections did not show monophyly.{{cite journal | last1=Yukawa | first1=Tomohisa | last2=Miyoshi | first2=Kazumitsu | last3=Yokoyama | first3=Jun | title=Molecular Phylogeny and Character Evolution of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae) | journal=Bulletin of the National Science Museum. Series B, Botany | volume=28 | issue=4 | date=2021-07-06 | issn=0385-2431 | pages=129–139 | url=https://www.kahaku.go.jp/research/publication/botany/download/28-4/BNSM_B280404.pdf | access-date=2022-04-05}}{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Guo-Qiang | last2=Chen | first2=Gui-Zhen | last3=Chen | first3=Li-Jun | last4=Zhai | first4=Jun-Wen | last5=Huang | first5=Jie | last6=Wu | first6=Xin-Yi | last7=Li | first7=Ming-He | last8=Peng | first8=Dong-Hui | last9=Rao | first9=Wen-Hui | last10=Liu | first10=Zhong-Jian | last11=Lan | first11=Si-Ren | title=Phylogenetic incongruence in Cymbidium orchids | journal=Plant Diversity | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=43 | issue=6 | year=2021 | issn=2468-2659 | doi=10.1016/j.pld.2021.08.002 | pages=452–461| pmid=35024514 | pmc=8720702 | bibcode=2021PlDiv..43..452Z }}

=Species=

The following is a list of Cymbidium species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2022 separated into subgenera:{{cite web |title=Cymbidium |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/results?f=accepted_names&page.size=480&q=Cymbidium |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=4 April 2022}}

==Subgenus Cymbidium==

Plants in this subgenus have two pollinia, each deeply cleft with callus ridges

Section	Image	Name	Distribution
class="wikitable collapsible"
rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Cymbidium \|120px \|\|Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. 1799 \|\| Guangdong, Hong Kong, China; Bangladesh; eastern Himalayas; Assam. India and Andaman Islands; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Malaysia; Java and Sumatra\|\| {{convert\| 0 - 1500 \|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe 1903	Thailand, Central Malaysia, Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra and the Philippines	{{convert\|1630 \|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. 1833	Southern China, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines	{{convert\| 800-1100\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium crassifolium Herb. 1838	Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam	{{convert\|100 - 1600 \|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Lindl. 1833	Indo-China to Malaysia (Malaya, Sumatra) and on to the Philippines	{{convert\| 0 - 1200\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium puerense Z.J.Liu & S.R.Lan 2018	China (Yunnan)	{{convert\| 1000 - 2000\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium rectum Ridl. 1920	S. Thailand, Malaysia, N. Borneo(Sabah)	{{convert\| 450 - 800\|m\|ft}}
rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Austrocymbidium {{small\|Schltr. 1924}} \|120px \|\|Cymbidium canaliculatum R.Br. 1810 \|\| N. & E. Australia\|\| {{convert\| 5-900\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium chloranthum Lindl. 1843	Taiwan, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java	{{convert\| 300 - 1500 \|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium madidum Lindl. 1840	eastern Australia	{{convert\|0-1300\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium suave R.Br. 1810	E. Australia	{{convert\|0-1350\|m\|ft}}
rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Himantophyllum {{small\|Schltr. 1924}} \|120px \|\|Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f 1869 \|\|Assam, India; eastern Himalayas; Sikkim; Thailand; Cambodia; Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, China; Vietnam; Borneo; Malaysia; the Philippines; Sulawesi; Sumatra; Ryukyu Islands and Japan\|\| {{convert\| 300 - 1600 \|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium lii M.Z.Huang, J.M.Yin & G.S.Yang 2017	Hainan China	{{convert\| 800–1000\|m\|ft}}{{cite journal \| last1=HUANG \| first1=MINGZHONG \| last2=LIU \| first2=ZHILONG \| last3=YANG \| first3=GUANGSUI \| last4=YIN \| first4=JUNMEI \| title=An unusual new epiphytic species of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae: Epidedroideae) from Hainan, China \| journal=Phytotaxa \| publisher=Magnolia Press \| volume=314 \| issue=2 \| date=2017-07-25 \| issn=1179-3163 \| doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.314.2.12 \| page=289}}
	Cymbidium viride Sanjeet Kumar 2020	Assam (Manipur)	{{convert\| 616\|m\|ft}}
rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Floribundum {{small\|Seth & Cribb 1984}} \| \|\|Cymbidium dianlan H.He 2019\|\|Yunnan\|\|{{convert\| 1200–1400\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium elongatum J.J. Wood, Du Puy & Shim 1988	Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah)	{{convert\| 1200 - 2300 \|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium floribundum (Rolfe) Y.S. Wu & S.C. Chen 1980	Yunnan China, Taiwan, and Vietnam	{{convert\| 400 - 3300 \|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium hartinahianum J.B.Comber & Nasution 1978	N. Sumatra	{{convert\| 1700 to 2700\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium suavissimum Sander ex C.H.Curtis 1928	Myanmar, Guizhou and Yunnan China and Vietnam	{{convert\| 700 to 1100\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium viride Kumar 2018	Assam	{{convert\| 616-768\|m\|ft}}
rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Bigibbarium {{small\|Schltr. 1924}} \|120px\|\|Cymbidium devonianum Paxton 1843 \|\|Assam and Meghalaya India, China(Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam \|\| {{convert\| 1450 - 2200\|m\|ft}}
rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Repens \|\|\|Cymbidium repens Aver. & Q.T.Phan 2016\|\|Hoa Binh, Vietnam \|\| {{convert\| 400–600 \|m\|ft}}{{cite journal \| last1=Averyanov \| first1=Leonid V. \| last2=Nong \| first2=Van Duy \| last3=Nguyen \| first3=Khang Sinh \| last4=Maisak \| first4=Tatiana V. \| last5=Nguyen \| first5=Van Canh \| last6=Phan \| first6=Quang Thinh \| last7=Nguyen \| first7=Phi Tam \| last8=Nguyen \| first8=Thien Tich \| last9=Truong \| first9=Ba Vuong \| title=New Species of Orchids (Orchidaceae) in the Flora of Vietnam \| journal=Taiwania \| volume=61 \| issue=4 \| date=2016-12-01 \| issn=0372-333X \| doi=10.6165/tai.2016.61.319 \| pages=319–354 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311258847 \| language=zh \| access-date=2022-04-05}}

==Subgenus Cyperorchis==

Plants in subgenus Cyberorchis have lips fused at the base to the base of the column.

Section	Image	Name	Distribution
class="wikitable collapsible"
rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Annamaea {{small\|Hunt 1970}} \|120px \|\|Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe 1905\|\| Vietnam\|\| {{convert\| 1500\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium wenshanense Y.S.Wu & F.Y.Liu 1990	Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam	{{convert\| 1000 - 1500 \|m\|ft}}
rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Cyperorchis {{small\|Hunt 1970}} \| \|\|Cymbidium codonanthum Yuting Jiang, Liang Ma & S.Chen 2020\|\| Yunnan, China\|\| {{convert\|1600-1800\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium cochleare Lindl. 1858	Taiwan; Assam, Sikkim, India; Bhutan; Myanmar	{{convert\| 300 - 1600 \|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium elegans Lindl. 1828	Yunnan, Xizang, China; Assam, India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Myanmar.	{{convert\|1500-2500 \|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J.Sm. 1907	Malaysia, Borneo, Java and Sumatra	{{convert\|800-1700 \|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium whiteae King & Pantl. 1898	India (Sikkim)	{{convert\|1500-2000\|m\|ft}}
rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Eburnea{{small\|(Bl.)Seth & Cribb 1984}} \| \|\| Cymbidium banaense Gagnep. 1951 \|\| Vietnam \|\| {{convert\|1400\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium changningense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2005	Yunnan, China	{{convert\|1700\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium concinnum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006{{cite journal \| last=LIU \| first=Zhong-Jian \| title=Notes on some taxa of Cymbidium sect. Eburnea \| journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica \| publisher=China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. \| volume=44 \| issue=2 \| year=2006 \| issn=0529-1526 \| doi=10.1360/aps050082 \| page=178\| doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}	Yunnan, China	{{convert\|2300\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium daweishanense G.Q.Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2018	Yunnan, China	{{convert\|1200–1400\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. 1847	Assam India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Myanmar, Yunnan China and Vietnam	{{convert\|300-2000\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium mastersii Griff. ex Lindl. 1845	Assam India, Bhutan, Myanmar, northern Thailand and China	{{convert\|900-2400\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium jiangchengense Ying L.Peng, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2019	Yunnan, China	{{convert\|1200-1400\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium maguanense F.Y.Liu 1996	Southeastern Yunnan, China	{{convert\|1000-1800\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium parishii Rchb. f. 1874	Myanmar	{{convert\|1500-1650 \|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium roseum J.J.Sm. 1905	Malayasian peninsula, Java and Sumatra	{{convert\|1450 - 2400 \|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium wadae T.Yukawa 2002	Thailand
	Cymbidium weishanense X.Yu & Z.J.Liu 2021	China (Yunnan)	{{convert\|800 \|m\|ft}}
rowspan="13" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Iridorchis {{small\|(Bl.)Hunt 1970}} \|120px \|\| Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. 1859 \|\|Kumaon, Sikkim, and Assam states of India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xizang China; and Vietnam \|\| {{convert\|1000-2800\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium gaoligongense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang 2003	Yunnan, China	{{convert\|1500\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f.	Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim & Assam India, and Xizang China	{{convert\|1500 - 2600\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium insigne Rolfe 1904	Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan China	{{convert\|1000-2600\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium iridioides D. Don 1825	Xizang, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of China; Kumaon, Assam, Sikkim, and Meghalaya states of India; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; and Vietnam	{{convert\|900-2800\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. 1879	Burma, Thailand, Yunnan China and Vietnam	{{convert\|1300-2200\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium motuoense W.Q.Hu, Qinghai Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2021	China (SE Tibet)	{{convert\|2760\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium sanderae Sander ex Rolfe 1904	Vietnam	{{convert\|1400-1500\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium seidenfadenii (P.J.Cribb & Du Puy) P.J.Cribb 2014	Thailand	{{convert\|1000-2600\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium schroederi Rolfe 1905	Yunnan China, Vietnam	{{convert\|1350-1700\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium sichuanicum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006	Sichuan, China	{{convert\|1200 - 1600\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium tracyanum Rolfe 1890	China, Thailand and Myanmar	{{convert\|1200-1900\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium wilsonii (Rolfe ex De Cock) Rolfe 1904	Southern Yunnan, China and Vietnam
rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Parishiella {{small\|(Bl.)Hunt 1970}} \|120px \|\|Cymbidium tigrinum Parish ex Hook. f. 1864 \|\|West Yunnan China, Myanmar and Assam India \|\| {{convert\|1000-2700\|m\|ft}}

==Subgenus Jensoa==

Plants in this subgenus have four pollinia, in two unequal pairs; lips attached to the base of the column,

Section	Image	Name	Distribution
class="wikitable collapsible"
rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Axillaria {{small\|Du Puy & Cribb 1988}} \| \|\|Cymbidium cyperifolium Lindl. 1833 \|\| Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan China \|\| {{convert\| 600 - 1650\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium shidianense G.Z.Chen, G.Q.Zhang & L.J.Chen 2019	China (Yunnan)	{{convert\| 1200 \|m\|ft}}
rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Borneense {{small\|Du Puy & Cribb 1988}} \|120px \|\|Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb 1940 \|\| Sulawesi and the Philippines (Luzon, Negro Islands and Nueva Vazcaya) \|\| {{convert\| 300 - 2750\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium borneense J.J. Wood 1983	Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah)	{{convert\| 100 - 1300 \|m\|ft}}
rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Geocymbidium {{small\|Schltr. 1924}} \| \|\|Cymbidium biflorens D.Y.Zhang, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020 \|\| Yunnan China\|\|
120px	Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. 1823	Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, China, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Borneo, Java Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra and New Guinea	{{convert\| 200 - 2300\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium recurvatum Z.J.Liu, S.C.Chen & P.J.Cribb 2009	Yunnan China	{{convert\| 1700 \|m\|ft}}
rowspan="17" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Jensoa {{small\|Du Puy & Cribb 1988}} \| \|\|Cymbidium acuminatum M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1996\|\| New Guinea \|\|{{convert\|450 - 1300 \|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium defoliatum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1991	Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China	{{convert\| 1000 - 1100 \|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium ensifolium [L]Swartz 1799	Japan, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Hong Kong to Sumatra and Java	{{convert\| 0 - 1500 \|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium formosanum Hayata 1911	Taiwan
120px	Cymbidium goeringii [Rchb.f]Rchb.f 1864	India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan and Korea	{{convert\|300-3000\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium haematodes Lindl. 1833	Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia and New Guinea	{{convert\|500-1900\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium induratifolium Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998	Vietnam
120px	Cymbidium kanran Makino 1902	Taiwan, Guangdong, Gunagxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hainan Island provinces of China; Honshu and the Ryuku Islands, Japan; and South Korea	{{convert\|400-2500\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium longipes Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998	Vietnam
	Cymbidium micranthum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2004	Yunnan, China	{{convert\|1500\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium munronianum King & Pantl. 1895	Assam India
	Cymbidium omeiense Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1966	Sichuan China
	Cymbidium qiubeiense K.M.Feng & H.Li 1980	Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China	{{convert\|700 - 1800\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium sinense (Andrews) Willd.1805	Guangdong, Hainan，Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Southern Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces of China and Northern Vietnam.	{{convert\|0 - 2000\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium tamphianum Aver. 2018	Lam Dong, Vietnam	{{convert\|1600\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium sangii Aver. & V.C.Nguyen 2023	Lam Dong, Vietnam	{{convert\| 800–900\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium xichouense Xin Y.Xu, C.C.Ding & S.R.Lan	Yunnan China	{{convert\| 1400\|m\|ft}}
rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Nanula {{small\|Du Puy & Cribb 1988}} \| \|\|Cymbidium atrolabium X.Y.Liao, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liy 2019 \|\| Yunnan China \|\|{{convert\|2300\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium brevifolium Z.Zhou, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020	Hubei China	{{convert\|2300\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium faberi Rolfe 1896	Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang provinces of China; Taiwan;	{{convert\|700-3000\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium nanulum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 2017	Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan provinces of China
	Cymbidium purpureisepalum M.J.Zhu & S.R.Lan 2022	Yunnan China	{{convert\|1200\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium serratum Schltr. 1919	Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan	{{convert\|1000-3000\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium ledinhhienii Aver., Vuong et V.C. Nguyen 2024	Vietnam (Dak Lak)	{{convert\|300-400\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium sungwookii Aver., Vuong et V.C. Nguyen 2024	Vietnam (Binh Dinh)	{{convert\|500-600\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium teretipetiolatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2002	Yunnan China	{{convert\|1000\|m\|ft}}
120px	Cymbidium tortisepalum Fukuy. 1934	Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan	{{convert\|800-2500\|m\|ft}}
rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| Section Pachyrhizanthe {{small\|Schltr. 1924}} \|120px \|\|Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. 1833\|\| Pakistan, the Chinese Himalayas, Assam, the eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and Korea \|\|{{convert\|700-1500\|m\|ft}}
	Cymbidium hengbungense A.N. Rao, K. Chowlu, H.B. Sharma, K.S. Thithila & D.S. Thokchom 2016	India (Manipur)	{{convert\|1200\|m\|ft}}

=Natural Hybrids=

Cymbidium × ballianum Rolfe
Cymbidium × baoshanense F.Y.Liu & Perner
Cymbidium × dilatatiphyllum J.M.H.Shaw
Cymbidium × florinda Rolfe
Cymbidium × gammieanum King & Pantl.
Cymbidium × glebelandense Rolfe
Cymbidium × hillii F.Muell. ex Regel
Cymbidium × monanthum J.M.H.Shaw
Cymbidium × nishiuchianum Makino ex J.M.H.Shaw
Cymbidium × nomachianum T.Yukawa & Nob.Tanaka
Cymbidium × nujiangense X.P.Zhou, S.P.Lei & Z.J.Liu
Cymbidium × oblancifolium Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen
Cymbidium × purpuratum L.J.Chen, Li.Q.Li & Z.J.Liu
Cymbidium × rosefieldense Rolfe
Cymbidium × woodlandense Rolfe

Distribution

This genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (such as northern India, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Borneo) and Australia.{{cite web |title=Cymbidium suave|work=PlantNET - NSW Flora Online|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Cymbidium~suave|access-date= September 25, 2018}} The large flowering species from which the large flowering hybrids are derived usually grow at low altitudes, while short leaved species, from which compact hybrids with small to medium size flowers are derived, are high altitudes lithophytes and epiphytes.{{cite book |last1=Arditti |first1=Joseph |last2=Puy |first2=David J. |last3=Cribb |first3=Phillip J. |title=The Genus Cymbidium |date=1988 |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London|ISBN=978-1-84246-147-1}}

Uses

=Use in horticulture=

Cymbidium (abbreviated Cym. in the horticultural tradeAlphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names, Royal Horticultural Society, 2017 https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf) orchids are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world and were mentioned in a manuscript from the Jin dynasty from about 200 BCE and by Confucius. Today they are among the most popular orchid genera in cultivation. They have decorative flowers spikes and are one of the least demanding indoor orchids. To flower well they need a distinct difference between day and night temperatures in late summer. Plants need to remain outside in autumn until night temperatures drop to near {{cvt|0|C}}.{{cite web |title=Cymdidium orchids |date=13 August 2005 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/cymbidium-orchids/9426288 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=7 May 2020}}{{cite web |title=Cymbidium orchid |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=389 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=7 May 2020}}{{cite web |title=Cymbidium (group) |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=264589&isprofile=0& |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=7 May 2020}}

Cymbidiums have few pests or diseases but can be affected by aphids, spider mites and viral diseases.

=Use in cooking=

The species Cymbidium hookerianum is considered a delicacy in Bhutan, where it is traditionally cooked in a spicy curry or stew and called "olatshe" or "olachoto".{{cite web |last1=Thapa |first1=Laxmi |title=Theresearch project on edible wild plants of Bhutan and their associated traditional knowledge |url=https://soar-ir.shinshu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10091/2919/1/v45_06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171335/https://soar-ir.shinshu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10091/2919/1/v45_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2011 |publisher=Shinshu University, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture |access-date=11 January 2019}}

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061416/http://www.orchidsrepbiol.de/cgi-bin/MSIO/display.pl?taxon=Cymbidium Multikey System for Identification of Cymbidium species]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075848/https://www.cymbidium.org/ Cymbidium Society of America]
[https://www.ccansw.com.au/ Cymbidium Club of Australia]

Category:Cymbidiinae genera

Category:Epiphytic orchids

Category:Taxa named by Olof Swartz