Cymmer Colliery explosion

George Insole and his son James Harvey Insole purchased the Cymmer Colliery in 1844. In 1847 they sank the No. 1 Pit which, after 1853, became known as the Cymmer Old Pit. James Insole took control of the business on his father's death in 1851.{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=E. D.|date=1976|title=The Cymer (Rhondda) Explosion|journal=Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion|pages=118–161|hdl=10107/1419644}}{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=E. D.|date=1976|title=Pioneers of the Cardiff Coal Trade|url=http://www.culturalecology.info/baywatch/baywatch1/lac1/baywtch4/projects/people/lewis.htm|journal=Glamorgan Historian|volume=11|pages=22–52|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111132944/http://www.culturalecology.info/baywatch/baywatch1/lac1/baywtch4/projects/people/lewis.htm|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=live}}

Between 1852 and 1855, HM Inspector of Mines Herbert Francis Mackworth inspected the colliery twice and sent letters to Insole recommending safety improvements, in particular to the mine's underground ventilation system and the use of safety lamps underground.

Colliers (miners) relied on the colliery firemen's daily reports of gas hazards before entering the mine. In 1854, mine manager Jabez Thomas summarily dismissed two experienced firemen and appointed two others from outside the colliery. The workmen complained to Insole they had no confidence in these replacements. The men's refusal to work under the new firemen, and Insole's insistence on exercising his "authority to dismiss or employ those whom I please, without consulting any body of men",{{Rp|133}} led to a twenty-two week miners' strike. Financial loss and threat of legal action eventually compelled the men to return to work under the new firemen.{{Refn|The two fireman at the centre of the 1854 strike were replaced in 1855.|group=lower-alpha}}

By the mid-1800s, the Rhondda variety of coal was in high demand as a coking coal.{{Cite book|title=The Rhondda Valleys|last=Lewis|first=E. D.|publisher=Phoenix House|year=1959|location=London}}{{Rp|48}} The Crimean War created additional demand for coal, and in 1855 Insole intensified his mining operations at the Old Pit, doubling the number of colliers and increasing the mine area by over a third. Welsh historian E. D. Lewis concluded that,

It was the success of [the Cymmer Old Pit mine] when developed with such inordinate speed and recklessness by [George Insole's] son, James Harvey Insole, that led directly to the terrible mining disaster of 1856.{{Rp|123}}

File:Coal thrusters & trapper (Cobden 1854).jpg and a trapper (who worked the ventilation doors, usually boys) in a UK coal mine about 1853|alt=Lithograph showing a cross-section of a coal mine tunnel with two people pushing a coal cart and one boy opening a wooden door.]]

On Tuesday, 15 July 1856, 160 men and boys descended the Old Pit mine shaft to commence their 6:00 a.m. shift. As they made their way to their workplaces underground, there was an explosion of gas near the mine entrance which trapped the colliers already deeper in the mine. It was three hours before rescuers could reach the site. They found that many of the colliers had congregated in groups to die together as they ran out of air. By that evening, 112 bodies had been recovered, another was brought up the next day, and a severely burnt collier died the following day.{{Cite book|title=The Annual Register, or a View of the History and Politics of the Year 1856|title-link=The Annual Register|publisher=F. & J. Rivington|year=1857|location=London|pages=138–139|chapter=[July] 15. Accident at the Cymmer Colliery near Ponypridd{{snd}}114 Lives Lost|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3tdAAAAIAAJ&q=cymmer}}{{Cite news|url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3071620/3071624/7/|title=Further Particulars of the Dreadful Explosion in the Rhondda Valley|date=26 July 1856|work=The Merthyr Telegraph|url-status=live|page=4|access-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127070734/https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3071620/3071624/7/|archive-date=27 January 2020}} In his report to the Secretary of State for the year 1856, Mines Inspector Mackworth described the disaster as "the most lamentable and destructive explosion which had ever occurred in any colliery either in this country or abroad".{{Rp|118}}

The coroner's inquest into the deaths began on 16 July 1856 in Porth before the North Glamorgan coroner George Overton and a jury of eighteen. It was adjourned to allow the jurors to view the bodies and reconvened eleven days later in Pontypridd. Twenty-nine witnesses were called. The evidence indicated that the explosion resulted from defective mine ventilation and the use of naked flames underground, (Note: both the Davy lamp and Geordie lamp safety lamps had been invented in 1815, and widely used in mines at the time) despite warnings having been sent to the mine owner by Mackworth.{{Cite journal|last=Mackworth|first=Herbert|date=1857|title=IX. Report of the Inspection of Coal Mines in the Southern District, during the Year ended 31st December 1856|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J68SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA109|journal=House of Commons Papers (Reports of the Inspectors of Coal Mines, to Her Majesty's Secretary of State to December 1856)|volume=XVI|pages=109–131}} He told the inquest that "the explosion arose from the persons in charge of the pit neglecting the commonest precautions for the safety of the men and the safe working of the colliery".{{Rp|2}}

The inquest determined that, apart from the collier who died later of burns, all the deaths were the result of "suffocation, caused by the post-explosion effects of afterdamp or methane poisoning".{{Rp|138–139}} Among the 114 victims, thirty-four were boys under the age of sixteen and another fifteen were under the age of twelve. Insole, the mine owner, walked free from the inquest after claiming he took "no part in management"{{Cite news|date=1 August 1856|title=[Not stated]|page=Cited in Lewis (1976). p. 139|no-pp=y|work=The Cambrian}} of the mine. The mine manager, Jabez Thomas, and the mine's officials, Rowland Rowlands (overman), Morgan Rowlands (fireman), David Jones (fireman), and William Thomas (fireman), were charged with manslaughter for negligence causing the deaths of 114 men.{{Cite web|date=5 March 2020|title=Insole, James Harvey (1821–1901), colliery proprietor|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-INSO-HAR-1821|access-date=28 June 2020|website=Dictionary of Welsh Biography}}

At the Glamorgan Spring Assizes held in Swansea in March 1857, the judge, His Lordship Baron Watson, made his own position clear in his pre-trial address to the grand jury. Noting that the mine manager did not go underground, and that "no direct case of omission" had been brought against the other mine officials, he indicated that they could not be guilty of manslaughter.{{Rp|142}} Nevertheless, the grand jury returned a "true bill" (indictment) against Jabez Thomas, Rowland Rowlands, and Morgan Rowlands, who were then tried on the charge of "having feloniously and wilfully killed and slain one William Thomas,{{Refn|Evidence given at the inquest indicates William Thomas (19) and his brother (13) were probably closest to the source of the explosion.|group=lower-alpha}} on the 15th July, 1856".{{Cite news|url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3293982/3293988|title=The Cymmer Colliery Case|date=7 March 1857|work=The Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian|page=6}} At the trial, it was reported that the judge made clear he sided with the defendants and thought the matter should not have come to court.{{Cite news|url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3294045/3294053/75/|title=The Cymmer Colliery Explosion|date=25 April 1857|work=The Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian|url-status=live|page=8|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219140705/https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3294045/3294053/75/|archive-date=19 December 2019}}

At the conclusion of the trial, the jury complied with the judge's directions to acquit the defendants. To the deep distress and anger of the local mining communities, the final result of the legal proceedings was that the mine owner and his officials were exonerated from all blame. However, E. D. Lewis' analysis of the disaster concluded that:

Possibly the legal processes of the time were insufficient to punish those who were culpable, but of the moral responsibility of owner and officials, even when judged against the background of their own time and place, there can be no question.{{Rp|153}}

File:Morgan gravestone Cymmer Independent Chapel cropped.jpg graveyard.{{Cite news|date=28 July 2004|title=Rhondda Cynon Taff County Borough Council. Notice of Intended Application to the Home Secretary for a Licence for the Removal of Human Remains from the Burial Ground at Cymmer Chapel, Cymmer, Porth|page=Classified Advertising: Legal Notices|no-pp=y|work=The Western Mail}}|alt=An engraved sandstone gravestone.|left]] Among the small local communities no household was left untouched, almost all the working-age men and boys having perished. Thirty graves were opened at the Cymmer Independent Chapel graveyard and the bodies of forty-eight victims were interred on 17 July 1856 in the presence of huge crowds (estimated at 15,000 people). Smaller numbers of burials occurred in other local communities, with "11 at Tonyrefail, nine at Ffrwd Amos, eight at the Dinas Methodist Chapel, and the rest at Pontypridd, Treforest, Coed Cymmer, Llantrissant, Llanharry, Bedwas, Trelanos, Brynmenyn, Wauntrodau, Llanwonno". Thirty-five widows, ninety-two children, and other dependent relatives were left with no immediate means of support. The court's verdict meant the Fatal Accidents Act 1846, which required compensation to be paid only when a mine manager or proprietor was held to have been at fault, did not apply.

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| quote = However gross may have been the neglect which caused the husband's death, all interests are arrayed against the survivors. The colliers, the jury, the means of legal redress, are subject to the influence ... [of] the proprietor of the colliery. The cost of an administration, before an action can be commenced, and the difficulty of obtaining a solicitor who will undertake the odium and the risk, unite in forming an insuperable bar to the claim due to the widow and the fatherless, who, by the neglect or cupidity of others, have been plunged in one moment into the deepest affliction and most abject poverty.

| source = Mines Inspector Mackworth's report to the Secretary of State, 1855{{Cite journal|last=Mackworth|first=Herbert|date=1855|title=VI. Report of the Working of the Coal Mines Inspection Act (13 & 14 Vict. c.100) in the Southern District, during the Half Year ended 31st December 1854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxRcAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA4-PA112|journal=The Sessional Papers Printed by Order of the House of Lords, or Printed by Royal Command, in the Session 1854–5 (18 & 19 Victoriae) Arranged in Volumes. (Reports of Messrs. Dunn, Dickson, Morton, Williams, Wynne, and Mackworth, Inspectors of Coal Mines, to Her Majesty's Secretary of State)|volume=XXVI|pages=112–126}}{{Rp|118–119}}

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The dependents of the victims of the disaster had to rely on public charity and "the final humiliation" of seeking poor relief.{{Rp|160}}{{Cite news|url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3293707/3293712/15/|title=The Terrible Accident at Cymmer|date=26 July 1856|work=The Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian|url-status=live|page=5|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219122119/https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3293707/3293712/15/|archive-date=19 December 2019}} Insole contributed £500 (approximately {{Inflation|index=UK|value=500|start_year=1856|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) to the {{Lang|cy|Cymer|italic=no}} Widows' and Orphans' Fund, set up shortly after the disaster, and undertook to meet the cost of the thirty graves.{{Cite news|date=26 July 1856|title=Public Meeting at Newbridge, in Aid of the Widows and Orphans, and Dependent Relatives of the Deceased|page=5|work=The Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian|url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3293707/3293712/15/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219122119/https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3293707/3293712/15/|archive-date=19 December 2019}} However, local coal owners also combined to deny work to those colliers who had given evidence against the mine officials at the inquest and trial. Laments were published and, marking the first anniversary of the disaster, a song was published under the patronage of Mrs Insole of Ely Court (Insole's wife) in aid of the relief fund.{{Cite book|last=Meirion|first=Ywain|title=Galargerdd am y ddamwain ofnadwy, yr hon a fu ar y 15fed o Orphenaf, 1856, yn Ngwaith Glo Insole & Co., yn y Cymer, gerllaw Pontypridd, Sir Forganwg|publisher=J. Mendus Jones|year=1856|location=Llanidloes|language=cy|trans-title=A Lament for the Terrible Disaster, that Occurred on the 15th of July, 1856, at the Colliery of Insole & Co., in Cymmer, near Pontypridd, Glamorganshire|hdl=10107/1104044}}{{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=Richard|title=Galarus goffadwriaeth am y ddamwain arswydus a gymerodd le yng ngwaith Mr Insole, yn y Cymer, ar fore dydd Mawrth, Gorffennaf 15, 1856, pryd y taniodd y damp, a chollodd 114 o goliers eu bywydau|publisher=T. Howells|year=1856|location=Merthyr|language=cy|trans-title=A Sad Memorial to the Terrible Accident that took place in the Works of Mr. Insole, in Cymmer, on the morning of Tuesday, 15 July 1856, when the Firedamp Ignited, and 114 Colliers Lost their Lives|id=([https://discover.library.wales/permalink/f/1norb00/44NLW_ALMA21854973650002419 National Library of Wales catalogue])}}{{Cite news|date=18 July 1857|title=For the Benefit of the Cymmer Colliery Accident Fund. The New Song, "There's No Dearth of Kindness"|page=1|work=The Monmouthshire Merlin|url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3397408/3397409/1/|url-status=live|access-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127020809/https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3397408/3397409/1/|archive-date=27 January 2020}} (Located in lower half of column 1).

Described by Mines Inspector Thomas Evans as a "sacrifice of human life to an extent unparalleled in the history of coal mining of this country",{{Rp|141}} the Cymmer Colliery disaster of 1856 influenced future coal-mining practices, locally and nationally. After another gas explosion at the colliery in December 1856,{{Cite news|date=12 December 1856|title=Colliery Explosions|page=7|work=The Times}} the single-shaft Cymmer Old Pit and New Pit mines were linked to create a safer and better ventilated two-shaft arrangement. Although mechanical mine ventilators had been used in the Lower Rhondda from 1851, they were installed at the Cymmer Colliery in the mid-1870s. Also by the mid-1870s, the colliery management realised it was safer and cheaper to provide colliers with safety lamps. The Cymmer Old Pit was worked by the Insole company until the mine closed in 1939.{{Rp|149–160}}

More broadly, influenced by the number of children killed in the disaster, the Mines Regulation Act 1860 prohibited employment of boys under twelve years of age, unless they could read and write and were attending school for at least three hours a day on two days a week. Two-shaft mines were made compulsory by 1865. Mackworth's safety recommendations, sent to Insole in 1854 and including "that a qualified mining engineer and a sufficient number of competent subordinate officers and deputies should take complete charge of the machinery, ventilation, ways and works and watch over and provide for the safety of the workmen during the hours of labour",{{Rp|159}} were passed in the Mines Act 1872. Following the Cymmer Colliery explosion, steps were taken to reduce the reliance on public charity in the case of fatal disasters by introducing comprehensive compensation schemes, but the first successful scheme did not emerge until 1881.{{Cite news|date=19 January 1881|title=The South-Wales Colliers' Provident Society|page=3|work=South Wales Daily News|url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3512135/3512138/61/}}{{Cite news|date=18 February 1881|title=Monmouthshire and South Wales Provident Society of Miners|page=5|work=The Monmouthshire Merlin|url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3440555/3440560/63/}}

In July 2010 The Friends of Insole Court, the trust that was set up to restore Insole Court, dedicated a tree to the miners who died in the accident.{{cite web | last=Evans | first=Gareth | title=IT was the first mining tragedy in Wales to kill more than 100 people underground and robbed the working class community of husbands, brothers and sons. | website=Wales Online | date=15 July 2010 | url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/first-mining-tragedy-wales-kill-1908262 | access-date=5 April 2025}} In 2015 around 40 pupils and teachers from two different schools walked the Glo-Aur walk to remember the miners. The walk was 17 miles long, spanning from the site of the former pit to Insole Court. The pupils each brought a lump of coal from Porth, as a symbolic gesture. The coal was exchanged for a golden coin upon their arrival at Insole Court.{{cite web | last=Flynn | first=Jessica | title=Walk to remember miners killed 159 years ago | website=Wales Online | date=23 July 2015 | url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/walk-remember-miners-killed-159-9716528 | access-date=5 April 2025}}

• List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll

{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3071615/3071617 "Dreadful Explosion in the Rhondda Valley"]. The Merthyr Telegraph. 19 July 1856. p. 2. (Early accounts of the disaster and its aftermath, lists of victims and inquest jurors)
• [https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3396914/3396919/41/ "Dreadful Colliery Explosion"]. The Monmouthshire Merlin. 19 July 1856. p. 5. (Summary of the disaster and its aftermath, alternative lists of victims and inquest jurors)
• Watson, Richard C. (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2ae0AAAAIAAJ Rhondda Coal, Cardiff Gold: The Insoles of Llandaff, Coal Owners and Shippers]. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press. pp. 42–55.
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZEUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Cymmer+Colliery+Disaster%22 "Cymmer Colliery Disaster"]. The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. 2008. p. 185. (Brief summary)

• [https://museum.wales/collections/online/object/c8a01569-e9c2-3be6-a5f7-b4d50c69f4c2/Cymmer-Colliery-photograph/ Cymmer Colliery] (possibly showing the owner James Harvey Insole and family members)
• [https://insolecourt.tribalpages.com/tribe/browse?userid=insolecourt&view=0&pid=18 Family of James Harvey Insole]
• [https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Herbert_Francis_Mackworth Herbert Francis Mackworth]
• [http://www.welshcoalmines.co.uk Welsh Coal Mines]

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Category:1856 in Wales

Category:July 1856

Category:Explosions in Wales

Category:Coal mining disasters in Wales

Category:History of Wales

Category:Trials in Wales

Category:Rhondda Valley